Foraging effort by Surf Scoters at the peripheries of their wintering distribution: Do foraging conditions influence their range?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I measured foraging effort of surf scoters at the northern and southern peripheries of their winter distribution (Southeast Alaska and Baja California, Mexico, respectively), and compared those to foraging effort previously documented at the wintering range core (Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada). I predicted that if foraging conditions influenced their winter distribution, foraging effort would be higher at the peripheries of the distribution and that scoters, which are typically diurnal foragers, might be forced to extend their foraging activities into nocturnal periods. Overall, scoters in Baja California foraged over twice as much as scoters in Alaska, with intermediate foraging effort at the range core. Scoters also foraged nocturnally in Baja California but not in Alaska or British Columbia. I conclude that foraging opportunity may limit winter distribution at the southern periphery, but other factors limit distribution at the northern periphery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".