Accommodation and pupil responses to random-dot stereograms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of accommodative and pupillary responses to random-dot stereograms presented in crossed and uncrossed disparity in six visually normal young adult subjects (mean age = 25.8 ± 3.1 years). Accommodation and pupil measures were monitored monocularly with a custom built photorefraction system while subjects fixated at the center of a random-dot stereogram. On each trial, the stereogram initially depicted a flat plane and then changed to depict a sinusoidal corrugation in depth while fixation remained constant. Increase in disparity specified depth resulted in pupil constriction during both crossed and uncrossed disparity presentations. The change in pupil size between crossed and uncrossed disparity conditions was not significantly different (p > 0.05). The change in pupil size was also accompanied by a small concomitant increase in accommodation. In addition, the dynamic properties of pupil responses varied as a function of their initial (starting) diameter. The finding that accommodation and pupil responses increased with disparity regardless of the sign of retinal disparity suggests that these responses were driven by apparent depth rather than shifts in mean simulated distance of the stimulus. Presumably the need for the increased depth of focus when viewing stimuli extended in depth results in pupil constriction which also results in a concomitant change in accommodation. Starting position effects in pupil response confirm the non-linearity in the operating range of the pupil. Investigamos la dinámica de las respuestas acomodativa y pupilar a los estereogramas de puntos aleatorios (RDS) que se presentaron en disparidad cruzada y no cruzada en seis sujetos jóvenes adultos con visión normal (edad media= 25,8 ± 3,1 años). Se supervisaron monocularmente las respuestas acomodativa y pupilar con un sistema de foto-refracción desarrollado para tal fin, mientras los sujetos fijaban la vista en el centro de un estereograma de puntos aleatorios. En cada prueba, el estereograma representaba inicialmente un plano liso, representando a continuación una ondulación sinusoidal en profundidad, mientras que la fijación permanecía constante. El incremento de la profundidad debido a la disparidad dio lugar a una constricción de la pupila durante las presentaciones de disparidad cruzada y no cruzada. El cambio del tamaño pupilar en las situaciones de disparidad cruzada y no cruzada no resultó significativamente diferente (p > 0,05). El cambio del tamaño pupilar se vio también acompañado de un pequeño incremento acomodativo concomitante. Además, las propiedades dinámicas de las respuestas pupilares variaron en función de su diámetro inicial (de partida). El hallazgo del incremento de las respuestas acomodativa y pupilar con la disparidad, independientemente del signo de la disparidad retiniana, sugiere que dichas respuestas fueron impulsadas por la profundidad aparente, en lugar de deberse a los cambios en la distancia simulada media del estímulo. Presumiblemente, la necesidad de un incremento de enfoque al visionar los estímulos ampliados en profundidad deriva en una constricción pupilar, que deriva a su vez en un cambio acomodativo concomitante. Los efectos de la posición de partida sobre la respuesta pupilar confirman la no linealidad del rango operativo de la pupila.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".