Impact of Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, and Cr) on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand/Bentonite Liner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research was conducted to study the changes in permeability of a sand/bentonite liner made under standard compaction conditions and permeated with solutions containing the heavy metals Pb+2, Zn+2 and/or Cr+3. The fine particle size distribution and the free swelling capacity of the bentonite were taken as indicators of the impact of contaminants on the liner's properties. Generally, particles of bentonite were coarser when in contact with solution ontaining heavy metals. Its free swelling capacity decreased when heavy metal concentrations increased. It is shown that with heavy metal solutions the permeability of a sand/bentonite liner increased by three orders of magnitude. The ion Cr+3 which had a greater impact on the free swelling capacity may have led to a rapid change in permeability. When permeability increased rapidly, heavy metals were present earlier and in higher concentration at the outlet of the liner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".