The Peripheries of British Columbia: Patterns of Migration and Economic Structure, 1976-2002 * / Les Peripheries De la Colombie-Britannique: Les Patrons De Mogration et De Structure Economique, 1976 a 2002
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper explores the emergence of a post-staples economy in British Columbia, focusing in particular on the diversity of regional responses it has produced in the province's interior. Through an analysis of intra-provincial migration flows and regional economic and demographic data, the paper argues that the importance of staples has diminished generally, but that there are significant regional differences across the interior. Job losses in extractive industries across the province, coupled with population growth, the expansion of high order services, the entry of large retail and footloose service providers, and the concentration of seniors in selected regions have created a more complex economic landscape. The central Okanagan and regions adjacent to the province's core are the least staples dependent and have the most consistent record of in-migration. In contrast, the depressed regions along the north coast have consistently suffered out-migration over the past 25 years. In between are regions that still rely on staples, but which have, to varying degrees, moved beyond the parameters of their traditional economies. The paper consequently proposes that the conventional core-periphery description of British Columbia's space economy should be replaced with a more nuanced model. Resume Cet article explore l'emergence d'une economie 'post matieres premieres' en Colombie-Britannique, se concentrant en particulier sur la diversite des reponses regionales produit a l'interieur de la province. L'etude se concentre sur les flux de migration intra provinciaux au cours des 25 dernieres annees, utilisant une analyse de cluster (grappes) afin de classer deux douzaines de districts regionaux en deux groupes distincts. Les resultats de cette analyse sont complementes de donnees economiques et demographiques regionales, et compares a des cycles de prix de produits fondamentaux cle : cuivre, bois et pate a papier. Les resultats demontrent que le lien entre la migration intra provinciale et la sante des industries de matieres premieres a generalement diminuee, mais qu'il y a des differences regionales significatives entre les territoires de l'interieur. Les pertes d'emplois dans les industries extractrices a travers la province, couplees a une croissance de la population, l'expansion des services d'ordre superieur, l'entree en scene de detaillants en gros et de fournisseurs de service libre de toute attache, et la concentration des aines dans certaines regions ont cree un paysage economique plus complexe. En particulier, cet article affirme que quatre groupes peuvent etre identifies dans la peripherie de la province. Les districts regionaux dans le groupe non dependant des matieres premieres sont adjacents a Vancouver ou Victoria (le coeur de la province) ou dans des lieux riches en amenites (l'Okanagan central). Les quatre districts regionaux de ce groupe sont les moins dependants en matieres premieres et ont des records d'immigration venant d'autres regions de la province. A l'autre extreme du spectre se trouvent cinq districts regionaux dans le groupe dependant des matieres premieres en regression. Ces districts--tous localises le long de la cote nord de la province--ont continuellement perdu de leur population au benefice d'autres regions de la province. Les districts en regression sont collectivement les plus dependants en industries de matieres premieres traditionnelles, leur probleme etant en partie du a l'epuisement des ressources locales de base (poisson et bois). Entre ces groupes se trouvent des regions dont les economies continuent de tirer profit des ressources naturelles, mais qui ont, a differents degres, depasse les parametres de leurs economies traditionnelles. Tous les districts regionaux dans le groupe transitoire sont situes dans la moitie sud de la province et quatre sur cinq dans des zones (Okanagan Valley et l'ile centrale de Vancouver) qui sont preferees des population retraitees et des gens qui migrant pour des raisons de style de vie. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".