Barrington Walker. Race on Trial: Black Defendants in Ontario's Criminal Courts, 1858-1958
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Barrington Walker. Race on Trial: Defendants in Ontario's Criminal Courts, 1858-1958. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. 276 pp. Six Images. $57.00 hc; $29.95 sc; $29.95 EBUB format. In wake of recent shooting incidents in Toronto (about five involving youth in June and July, 2012), Torontonians--and in particular--were subjected a discourse about youth that was last heard seven years ago (2005) during what was dubbed summer of gun. That discourse presented youth as thugs, foreigners, gang and consequently, potential lawbreakers who were prone violence; and that Black bears sole responsibility for addressing issues. For its part, the community--often putting aside its diversity, complexity and instability--tends take upon itself ascribed responsibility for problems. For instance, in reacting the largest mass shootings in Toronto's history--write The Globe and Mail reporters, Timothy Appleby and Adrian Morrow (July 19, 2012)--Toronto's mayor, Rob Ford, commented: going hopefully meet with Prime Minister see if we can toughen our gun laws.... Once they're charged and they go jail most important thing is when they get out of jail. I don't want them living in They can go anywhere else, but I don't want them in city. Saying that he will have find out our immigration laws work,' Ford went on assert, whatever I can do get them out of city, I'm going to, regardless of whether they have family or friends. I don't want these people, if they're convicted of a gun crime, have anything do with City of Toronto. And despite their assessment of mayor's comments as impulsive and careless ... some bordering on racism, Akwasi Owusu-Bempah and Wendell Adjetey (themselves Black/African Canadians), in their guest contribution Toronto Star (Tuesday, July 24, 2012), wrote that community members met with mayor to confer about possible solutions. The authors concluded that while mayor appeared attentive community's concerns, he did not seem appreciate feedback he received. Ford obviously believes we can arrest our way out of problem ... [and] had no qualms telling those in attendance that he did not believe poverty is a major contributing factor--again despite evidence contrary. The recent (2010) book, Race on Trial: Defendants in Ontario's Criminal Courts, 1858-1958 by Barrington Walker, provides important insights for understanding and framing recent incidents in Toronto and mayor's comments with reference of bodies, including his expectations of judicial system deal with them, and members' mindset of taking responsibility for issues. The fact is: contemporary issues and related discourses pertaining people are rooted in historical, social and judicial framework of multicultural Canada. As such, Walker's study of blackness through eyes--the legal artifacts--of dominant culture (12) is an important reference for understanding institutional and judicial roots of anti-Black racism. In so doing, he sheds new light--showing contradictions--on Canada's long-held claim of being a society in which race does not matter, and Underground Railroad is celebrated as a symbol of freedom Canada afforded Africans who escaped enslavement in United States of America. Walker cogently shows how blackness in Canada was quite literally a product of law (5), and was sometimes considered a part of Canada and at other times something foreign it (22). Historically, this foreignness has been particularly ascribed those who break law. In case of those black people born outside of Canada, they tend be forever immigrants; hence, once they commit a crime, efforts are made have them deported. …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".