Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE TROUBLED LEGACY From 1945 until at least reunification in 1989 German intellectual and cultural life, including philosophy and literature, was dominated by the endeavour to come to terms with the past. At the conclusion of its second military defeat in less than three decades, Germany was morally exhausted and physically devastated. In contrast to the First World War, when Germany surrendered before it was invaded by foreign armies, the Second World War brought tremendous losses for Germans both on the battlefield and at home. Three and a half million German soldiers lost their lives fighting for Adolf Hitler and his Reich, and just as many civilians perished; ten million German soldiers were taken as prisoners of war, some never to return. The economic destruction was immense: Germany, reduced in size by about a quarter, experienced a loss of about a third of its national wealth, along with fifteen percent of its available housing. Hardest hit were the major cities, which were the primary targets in the Allied air attacks. Shortly after the end of hostilities another pressing problem arose: the refugees from the East began pouring into a country that could not even take care of its own population. It is estimated that up to twenty-five million Germans lost their homes because of evacuation, flight or bombing. The situation was most dire in the eastern portions of Germany, where the battles between the German and the invading Soviet armies had been severely contested.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.040 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".