Ethnicity, Religion, and Socialism in Canada: The Twenties through the War
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article articulates the idiosyncratic socialist affinities of ethnic and religious groups in Canada between the 1920s and the end of the Second World War by surveying a multitude of diverse secondary sources about the groups. Specific ethno-cultural groups accounted for the differences in support for the most prominent socialist parties, an unwieldy mixture of largely labour parties and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), and the Communist Party (CP). The study points to the uneven immigrant settlement patterns in Canada’s regions at the turn of the twentieth century to account for the uneven regional strength of the parties. As acculturation, intermarriage, integration, and assimilation proceeded, domestic issues increasingly informed the politics of subsequent generations to the benefit of the CCF at the expense of the CP. Cet article expose les affinités socialistes idiosyncrasiques des groupes ethniques et religieux au Canada entre les années 1920 et la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale à travers un sondage auprès d’une multitude de sources secondaires sur divers groupes. Les groupes ethnoculturels spécifiques participent aux différentes formes de soutien pour les partis socialistes les plus en vue, un mélange compliqué de partis pratiquement ouvriers et la Fédération Coopérative de Commonwealth (FCC) et le Parti Communiste (PC). L’étude met en parallèle les modèles d’établissement cahoteux des immigrants dans les régions du Canada au tournant du vingt-et-unième siècle qui contribuent au renforcement irrégulier des partis. Comme procédés d’acculturation, d’endogamie, d’intégration et d’assimilation, les questions nationales informent graduellement les politiques sur les générations à venir au profit de la FCC et au détriment du PC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".