Bibliographic record
Abstract
[enter Abstract Body]Historically, real property transactions have been exempted from VAT on the grounds that they are already subject to stamp duties and/or registration charges, and the levy of VAT would lead to excessive burden. However, recognizing the cascading impact of exemptions (through blockage of input tax deductions), real property transactions are being brought within the ambit of tax under modern VATs, such as in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. Under full taxation models, tax is effectively confined to personal (non-commercial) housing. The system of input tax credits results in zero tax on commercial real estate supplies. Housing is an important component of consumer expenditures in the US, accounting for 15% of total consumer expenditures in 2008. While no country has gone beyond taxation of first sale of new residential dwellings, there are options available for extension of tax to the existing stock of housing. Under a comprehensive taxation option, all sales, re-sales, and rentals of real property, whether residential or commercial, would be subject to the VAT, with the exception of imputed rental value of owner-occupied homes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".