Worldwide spread of the longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (LATREILLE, 1802), is a ubiquitous agricultural and household pest throughout much of the tropics and subtropics and a pervasive indoor pest in temperate areas. I compiled specimen records of P. longicornis from > 2100 sites worldwide and analyzed historical, ecological, and evolutionary information to evaluate its known distribution, geographic origin, and potential future spread. I documented the earliest known P. longicornis records for 181 geographic areas (countries, major islands, island groups, US states, and Canadian provinces), including many for which I found no previously published records, e.g., Anguilla, Argentina, Austral Islands, Bahrain, British Indian Ocean Territory, Cayman Islands, Comoro Islands, Dominica, East Timor, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Gibraltar, Guatemala, Iles Eparses, Kenya, Maldives, Mali, Montserrat, Nepal, Nevis, Pakistan, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Maryland, Missouri, and Virginia. Paratrechina longicornis is arguably the most broadly dispersed of all ant species, distributed widely across the Old World and New World in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The successful worldwide spread of P. longicornis relates to its ability to flourish in highly disturbed and artificial environments, including ships at sea. Whereas P. longicornis records are most frequent near major commercial waterways, I expect that with the increasing importance of air transport, P. longicornis will spread to more inland areas as well. Many P. longicornis records, including most if not all records from temperate latitudes, come from inside or near buildings. Because P. longicornis can live indoors anywhere that humans live, there is no limit to the latitude where it could thrive. The worldwide distribution records of P. longicornis and two species-specific symbionts provide ambiguous clues to the original native range of P. longicornis. However, the distributions of three closely related Paratrechina species offer good evidence that P. longicornis is native to Southeast Asia and Melanesia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".