Bibliographic record
Abstract
Why do corporate governance systems differ quite substantially around the world?The American model supervises managers through a board representing a diffuse mass of external shareholders whose rights are defended by a variety of institutional rules (such as those governing insider trading, antitrust, and an open market for corporate control) and by watchdog "reputational intermediaries" (such as accountants, securities analysts, and bond-rating agencies).The claims of employers, suppliers, and buyers are subordinated to shareholder rights.The German model, in contrast, supervises managers by concentrating ownership in blockholders, permitting insider relationships, allowing substantial horizontal coordination among producers, and accepting a variety of "stakeholder" claims on the firm besides those of the shareholders.Japan, as well as Sweden, Austria, and other continental European countries, resembles the German model to varying degrees, while the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand bear closer resemblance to the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.045 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".