Bacterial Na Channels: Progenitors, Progeny, or Parallel Evolution?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eukaryotic voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels have a major structural subunit that consists of four linked, homologous domains, which contain six putative transmembrane (TM) segments for an overall total of 24. In the putative pore-lining S5-S6 linker, a glutamate residue appears in the position homologous to that acknowledged as the selectivity filter in eukaryotic sodium and calcium channels. Members of the sodium channel family typically have a selectivity ring consisting of the aspartate, glutamate, lysine, and alanine residues contributed from domains I through IV, respectively. The possibility of bacterial sodium channels being involved in rapid flagellar movement has been raised by Clapham and collaborators. Voltage-gated ion channels (VICs) are a subset of the larger P-loop ion channel family. Most voltage-activated channels exhibit two competing responses to membrane depolarization, which initiates both an activation process that results in channel opening and an inactivation process that ultimately results in channel closing. Analyses of the crystal structures of two 2-TM bacterial potassium channels led to the conclusion that the structure of KcsA represented a closed state and that of the related calcium-gated channel, MthK, crystallized in the presence of bound calcium, represented an open state. The 6-TM channels such as Shaker offer easier genetic manipulation, including the possibility of changing four residues in a functional channel for the price of a single mutation. A strong argument has been made that the bacterial sodium channels represent, or at least are closely related to, progenitors of eukaryotic channels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".