Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Bone represents the largest proportion of the connective tissues in the human body where it functions in the protection of internal organs, as a framework for muscle attachment to generate locomotion, and as an ion reservoir for calcium and other mineral elements. The unique biophysical properties of bone reflect the macromolecular composition and organization of the mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM), which is largely produced and regulated by specialized cells of the osteoblastic lineage. The ECM is formed from a scaffold of collagen fibrils within and between which are found uniform-sized crystals of carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite. Other proteins, including proteoglycans, sialoproteins and various acidic glycoproteins regulate the formation of the collagen fibrils and apatite crystals and mediate interactions with the osteoblastic cells that generate and maintain the matrix. Characteristically, bone is remodeled continuously during postnatal growth and skeletal maintenance, thus permitting continuous adaptivity for changes in size and structure. Bone mass is maintained through a carefully regulated balance between synthesis and resorption which can be monitored by analysis of metabolized matrix components in body fluids — typically in serum and urine. Loss of regulation, observed in metabolic bone diseases, can lead to increased (osteopetrosis) or decreased (osteoporosis) bone mass, primarily reflecting changes in the amount of mineralized ECM.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.072 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".