Analysis and Corrosivity Testing of Eight Crude Oils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents the results of several analyses and corrosivity testing performed on eight crude oils (West Texas Sour, Kansas, Midway Sunset from California, Ratawi from Kuwait and Brent, Captain, Heimdal and Mariner from the North Sea). Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry analyses are shown to increase the reliability in the analysis for naphthenic acid content as compared to ASTM D664 and Extraction Method. They are also useful in predicting where the acids are concentrating in the distillation unit. Hydrogen sulfide evolution results are compared to the commonly used total sulfur by ASTM D4294 and are shown to provide another predictive tool with temperature versus H2S evolved. The results of the corrosivity tests of the eight crude oils towards carbon steel, 5Cr, 9Cr and 316SS in a rotating cage set-up at 600F are also included. The combined results of this program were analyzed to determine which technique or combination thereof might better predict the high temperature corrosivity of crude oils and what research is still needed to reach that goal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".