Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the middle of the nineteenth century numerous oceanographic voyages traversed the world's oceans revealing details of submarine topography and hitherto unseen animals. At much the same time telegraphic communications were being developed and the network in Britain expanded rapidly in the 1830s as the railways were laid out. By 1850 Britain had telegraphic links with France and Ireland, but it was soon realised that theoretically it could be possible to link Europe with distant continents including North America and Africa. In 1858 the first transatlantic cable was laid between Europe and North America but a month later problems with the insulation led to signal failure. In 1865 a new attempt to lay a cable followed but the line was lost. Undaunted, the steamer the Great Eastern set out on 13 July 1866 and began to lay a working cable for 2,000 miles between Valentia Island off southwest Ireland to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. Unusual for the time, this ship was powered by both paddles and screw propellers. It completed its voyage and the link by 27 July and a message was sent from Canada to Edward, Lord Stanley, the Prime Minister. The following day Queen Victoria sent a message in the opposite direction to Andrew Johnson, the President of the United States, from Osborne House and expressed her hope that the cable might ‘serve as an additional bond of union between the United States and England’.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".