Esten, Letten und Litauer in der Britischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands. Aus Akten des Foreign Office
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This article deals with the British policy towards Baltic displaced persons in post-war Germany. After World War II millions of refugees were spread over Europe. Over five millions of them were stranded in the Western occupation zones of Germany. About a million decided to stay there. The others were repatriated by the allies to home in Eastern Europe. Among those who stayed, the Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians formed a special group. On the one hand they were a small group about 120 000 people, while on the other hand political position was high-explosive. Different from other peoples like the Poles home was incorporated in the Soviet Union and didn't exist anymore. So they couldn't be treated like UN nationals, whose treatment was fixed in international agreements. One problem was, that in camps of the UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) there existed no liaison officers to articulate the will of Baltic DPs towards the occupation authorities. Another difficulty were the permanent attempts of the Soviets to get their citizens home into the Soviet Union. While the UNRRA ran the camps with regard to social affairs, the British occupation administration formed a division to do so politically. In the beginning the PW & DP Division (Prisoners of War/Displaced Persons Division) was busy to ban Baltic organisations, because existence provoked diplomatic complications. As a representative of British democracy the PW & DP Division established the Baltic Welfare, Education and Employment Organisation to support self-government of the Balts, while in fact the British authorities controlled this organisation. It was also the PW & DP Division that organised the first resettlement of Baltic DPs. After the war capable manpower was needed on the labour market in Great Britain. So in 1946 a programme called Balt-Cygnet was started: about 1000 Baltic women were brought to Britain to work in hospital as nurses. One year later the more extensive programme Westward-Ho marked the beginning of the total resettlement of the Balts. Although overseas, especially in Canada, Australia and South America, workers from Europe were highly welcomed. So the IRO (International Refugee Organization), which succeeded the UNRRA, organised the resettlement of the majority of the DPs. Only about two per cent of the Baltic displaced persons, the so-called hard core, stayed in Germany. They became homeless foreigners (heimatlose Auslander) in the Federal Republic of Germany. The resettlement meant the final act of this aspect of Baltic history in Germany, whose most successful chapter was the scientific work. In Munich, but still more in Hamburg, where the so-called Baltic university lasted for three years, academic life could be established. This can be seen as the basic condition for a restart overseas for thousands of Baltic DPs.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,037 | 0,005 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».