Esten, Letten und Litauer in der Britischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands. Aus Akten des Foreign Office
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article deals with the British policy towards Baltic displaced persons in post-war Germany. After World War II millions of refugees were spread over Europe. Over five millions of them were stranded in the Western occupation zones of Germany. About a million decided to stay there. The others were repatriated by the allies to home in Eastern Europe. Among those who stayed, the Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians formed a special group. On the one hand they were a small group about 120 000 people, while on the other hand political position was high-explosive. Different from other peoples like the Poles home was incorporated in the Soviet Union and didn't exist anymore. So they couldn't be treated like UN nationals, whose treatment was fixed in international agreements. One problem was, that in camps of the UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) there existed no liaison officers to articulate the will of Baltic DPs towards the occupation authorities. Another difficulty were the permanent attempts of the Soviets to get their citizens home into the Soviet Union. While the UNRRA ran the camps with regard to social affairs, the British occupation administration formed a division to do so politically. In the beginning the PW & DP Division (Prisoners of War/Displaced Persons Division) was busy to ban Baltic organisations, because existence provoked diplomatic complications. As a representative of British democracy the PW & DP Division established the Baltic Welfare, Education and Employment Organisation to support self-government of the Balts, while in fact the British authorities controlled this organisation. It was also the PW & DP Division that organised the first resettlement of Baltic DPs. After the war capable manpower was needed on the labour market in Great Britain. So in 1946 a programme called Balt-Cygnet was started: about 1000 Baltic women were brought to Britain to work in hospital as nurses. One year later the more extensive programme Westward-Ho marked the beginning of the total resettlement of the Balts. Although overseas, especially in Canada, Australia and South America, workers from Europe were highly welcomed. So the IRO (International Refugee Organization), which succeeded the UNRRA, organised the resettlement of the majority of the DPs. Only about two per cent of the Baltic displaced persons, the so-called hard core, stayed in Germany. They became homeless foreigners (heimatlose Auslander) in the Federal Republic of Germany. The resettlement meant the final act of this aspect of Baltic history in Germany, whose most successful chapter was the scientific work. In Munich, but still more in Hamburg, where the so-called Baltic university lasted for three years, academic life could be established. This can be seen as the basic condition for a restart overseas for thousands of Baltic DPs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".