Jewish Major Leaguers in Their Own Words: Oral Histories of 23 Players
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Peter Ephross with Martin Abramowitz. Jewish Major Leaguers in Their Own Words: Oral Histories of 23 Players. Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2012. 227 pp. Paper, $35.00. Jewish Major Leaguers in Their Own Words contains twenty-three interviews, conducted by a dozen different interviewers, spanning three decades, but with one clear message. Being a Jewish major leaguer has long meant making choices, often defying expectations of family and community. For some, a career in professional baseball meant eschewing the careers that nice Jewish boys were supposed to pursue. In 1938, for example, Sam Nahem chose to put a law career on hold to play baseball, to his mother's initial chagrin. For most, a career in baseball necessitated making compromises on expressing their Jewish identification, frequently disappointing their parents--with the exception of Mary Rotblatt's father, who was glad when his son chose baseball over an expensive bar mitzvah. Being a Jewish professional baseball player has meant reconciling seemingly incompatible identities and contradictory expectations. It is painful to read how many players felt lonely and guarded around teammates, afraid to react to supposedly harmless but nevertheless latently anti-Semitic remarks for fear of violating clubhouse norms. It is especially heartbreaking to read Saul Rogovin's description of his own conflicted feelings when A1 Rosen challenged Rogovin's anti-Semitic teammate: feeling proud of Rosen (a fellow Jew), feeling disloyal for being proud of Rosen (an opposing player), feeling forced to choose between his two identities, and feeling ashamed for being unable to choose. The archetypal choice, of course, is the choice: whether or not to play on the High Holidays. Players felt pressured by Hank Greenberg's and then Sandy Koufax's iconic choices to sit out important games on Yom Kippur. Jesse Levis, for example, was sitting on the Brewers' bench on Yom Kippur, fasting, when an unknowing manager inserted him as a pinch hitter. Levis failed to get a hit--not only then, but for the rest of the season--a fate he attributed to divine punishment but more likely his internalizing pressures to try to reconcile a career in baseball with Jewish identity expression. Jewish players were also aware of Jewish fans' pride in and expectations of their heroes' choices to honor Jewish tradition, and this, too, was often stressful. Many players internalized a responsibility to increase the numbers of Jews in baseball by inspiring young Jews to take up the game--If Hank Greenberg can become a ballplayer, so can you (39). …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,011 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,013 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».