Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Deteriorated Heat Transfer (DHT) is characterized with lower values of the wall heat transfer coefficient compared to those at the normal heat transfer; and hence has higher values of wall temperature within some part of a test section or within the entire test section. Improved Heat Transfer (IHT) is characterized with higher values of the wall heat transfer coefficient compared to those at the normal heat transfer; and hence lower values of wall temperature within some part of a test section or within the entire test section. In our opinion, the improved heat-transfer regime or mode includes peaks or "humps" in the heat transfer coefficient near the critical or pseudocritical points. Normal Heat Transfer (NHT) can be characterized in general with wall heat transfer coefficients similar to those of subcritical convective heat transfer far from the critical or pseudocritical regions, when are calculated according to the conventional single-phase Dittus-Boelter-type correlations: Nu = 0.0023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 . Pseudo-boiling is a physical phenomenon similar to subcritical pressure nucleate boiling, which may appear at supercritical pressures. Due to heating of supercritical fluid with a bulk-fluid temperature below the pseudocritical temperature (high-density fluid, i.e., "liquid"), some layers near a heating surface may attain temperatures above the pseudocritical temperature (low-density fluid, i.e., "gas") (for specifics of thermophysical properties, see Chapter "Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Conditions"). This low-density "gas" leaves the heating surface in the form of variable density (bubble) volumes. During the pseudo-boiling, the wall heat transfer coefficient usually increases (improved heat-transfer regime). Pseudo-film boiling is a physical phenomenon similar to subcritical-pressure film boiling, which may appear at supercritical pressures. At pseudo-film boiling, a low-density fluid (a fluid at temperatures above the pseudocritical temperature, i.e., "gas") prevents a highdensity fluid (a fluid at temperatures below the pseudocritical temperature, i.e., "liquid") from contacting ("rewetting") a heated surface (for specifics of thermophysical properties, see Chapter "Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Conditions"). Pseudofilm boiling leads to the deteriorated heat-transfer regime. Water is the most widely used coolant or working fluid at supercritical pressures. The largest application of supercritical water is in supercritical "steam" generators and turbines, which are widely used in the power industry worldwide Currently, upper limits of pressures and temperatures used in the power industry are about 30 -35 MPa and 600 -625C, respectively. New direction in supercritical-water application in the power industry is a development of SuperCritical Water-cooled nuclear Reactor (SCWR) concepts, as part of the Generation-IV International Forum (GIF) initiative. However, other areas of using supercritical water exist Supercritical carbon dioxide was mostly used as a modelling fluid instead of water due to significantly lower critical parameters (for details, see Chapter "Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Conditions"). However, currently new areas of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a coolant or working fluid have been emerged
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».