Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deteriorated Heat Transfer (DHT) is characterized with lower values of the wall heat transfer coefficient compared to those at the normal heat transfer; and hence has higher values of wall temperature within some part of a test section or within the entire test section. Improved Heat Transfer (IHT) is characterized with higher values of the wall heat transfer coefficient compared to those at the normal heat transfer; and hence lower values of wall temperature within some part of a test section or within the entire test section. In our opinion, the improved heat-transfer regime or mode includes peaks or "humps" in the heat transfer coefficient near the critical or pseudocritical points. Normal Heat Transfer (NHT) can be characterized in general with wall heat transfer coefficients similar to those of subcritical convective heat transfer far from the critical or pseudocritical regions, when are calculated according to the conventional single-phase Dittus-Boelter-type correlations: Nu = 0.0023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 . Pseudo-boiling is a physical phenomenon similar to subcritical pressure nucleate boiling, which may appear at supercritical pressures. Due to heating of supercritical fluid with a bulk-fluid temperature below the pseudocritical temperature (high-density fluid, i.e., "liquid"), some layers near a heating surface may attain temperatures above the pseudocritical temperature (low-density fluid, i.e., "gas") (for specifics of thermophysical properties, see Chapter "Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Conditions"). This low-density "gas" leaves the heating surface in the form of variable density (bubble) volumes. During the pseudo-boiling, the wall heat transfer coefficient usually increases (improved heat-transfer regime). Pseudo-film boiling is a physical phenomenon similar to subcritical-pressure film boiling, which may appear at supercritical pressures. At pseudo-film boiling, a low-density fluid (a fluid at temperatures above the pseudocritical temperature, i.e., "gas") prevents a highdensity fluid (a fluid at temperatures below the pseudocritical temperature, i.e., "liquid") from contacting ("rewetting") a heated surface (for specifics of thermophysical properties, see Chapter "Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Conditions"). Pseudofilm boiling leads to the deteriorated heat-transfer regime. Water is the most widely used coolant or working fluid at supercritical pressures. The largest application of supercritical water is in supercritical "steam" generators and turbines, which are widely used in the power industry worldwide Currently, upper limits of pressures and temperatures used in the power industry are about 30 -35 MPa and 600 -625C, respectively. New direction in supercritical-water application in the power industry is a development of SuperCritical Water-cooled nuclear Reactor (SCWR) concepts, as part of the Generation-IV International Forum (GIF) initiative. However, other areas of using supercritical water exist Supercritical carbon dioxide was mostly used as a modelling fluid instead of water due to significantly lower critical parameters (for details, see Chapter "Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Conditions"). However, currently new areas of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a coolant or working fluid have been emerged
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".