Biomimetic Model Membrane Systems Serve as Increasingly Valuable in Vitro Tools
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Biological membranes contain a multitude of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates unique for any given cell or organism, and are a critical component of many biological processes. Animal and cell cultures have been used to understand these biological processes at the membrane level and more traditionally, to assess toxicity. However, the complex composition does not allow understanding of the detailed role of each membrane component, such as individual lipid species. This insight can be obtained from using simplified model systems, which include various kinds of vesicles (unilamellar or multilamellar), micelles, monolayers at an air-water interface, planar lipid bilayers/black lipid membranes, bicelles (bilayered micelles) and supported bilayers. All systems allow detailed control of composition and experimental conditions, and have been used to mimic various different membrane types, such as mammalian and bacterial. Using various physicochemical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal calorimetry (ITC), electron spin resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, it is possible to investigate the mechanisms of membrane toxicity through differential changes in acyl chain melting temperature, membrane fluidity, and permeability of these different membrane models upon ligand binding. Moreover, the effects of ions (Na + , K + , Li + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ba 2+ ), toxic heavy metals (Hg 2+ , Cd 2+ ) and a variety of drugs (e.g. Ellipticine for tumors and H1N1 virus or cyclosporine A to prevent graft rejection) have been evaluated on mammalian systems. For bacterial model membranes, the effects of antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics, the interaction of proteins with model membranes, and the insertion or reconstitution of membrane proteins into such systems have also been investigated. When interpreting the results, it is important to note that some models may be better representatives of the natural membrane than others, and consequently, some results more relevant than others. Factors to consider include -but are not limited to -lipid composition, membrane curvature, or ionic strength of the solution, which all impart certain characteristics on the membrane model, influencing the results. Thus, while a singlecomponent lipid model can be informative, it is important to consider its applications and limitations. Overall, this chapter will provide insight as to the different lipid models used to mimic mammalian and bacterial membranes and how they have been found to be effective and useful research tools. Future development of these membrane models to more closely mimic www.intechopen.com Advances in Biomimetics 252 the composition and complexity of the natural membrane will provide further insight into the mechanisms of membrane processes in biological systems.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle