Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The late eighteenth century was the period when the free blacks in America increased sharply and the 'black Atlantic' was born. The living sphere of Afro-Americans expanded to Canada, Europe, and Africa crossing Atlantic ocean not limited to America and West Indies, thus became cosmopolitan 'black Atlantic.' They experienced various lives as 'noble savage' of Africa, 'naive victims' of European slave merchants, prisoners of American Indians, priests in Nova Scotia, sailors of merchant ships, and abolitionists, etc. They expressed their experiences inducting slave life, economic accomplishments, and conversion to Christianity into self-narrative and autobiographical writing. Stories of religious conversion by James Gronniosaw and John Marrant were published by white editors who wrote down oral statements of authors, and intended to prove spiritual redemption of blacks. Thus they failed to show black's unique thoughts on their experience of various ethnicities such as American Indians, English, Dutch, and Spaniard. Willie autobiography of Gronniosaw showed the image of typical black who were assimilated to Christian beliefs and culture, Man-ant expressed through his address his criticism on slavery as antithesis to principles of Freemasonry and tenets of Christianity. Autobiographies by Ottobah Cugoano and Olaudah Equiano were not merely written confessions of faith, but using religious discourses they indicted immorality of slavery and criticized dualism of White society. Cugoano denounced inhumane exploitation by Spanish conquering of America, and Euqiano compared the values and culture of Christian society with other cultures of various regions. The diversity of black Atlantic's experiences reached its highest point with dynamic life of Equiano. Black Atlantic writers were not aliens or outsiders, and their consciousness shows independent assimilation and resistance to mainstream culture, not confined to so called 'double consciousness.' Especially Equiano lived a cosmopolitan life not comparable to any Western man at that time securing critical perspectives on White society's values and religion, thus making him near to the concept of Paul Gilroy's 'modern black Atlantic.' Antiracism of Marrant and Equiano and anticolonialism of Cugoano were forerunners of counterculture to Western modernity It is for a future study to decide whether the activities and consciousness of Equiano and others represent blacks who lived crossing Atlantic world, but the spokesperson role these 'black Atlantic' played for African slaves in the late eighteenth century when was the crucial period for the fate of Afro-Americans connotes an important historical meaning.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,005 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».