Geogenic thallium and lead pollution in soils and potential risk of toxicity: A report from Iran
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sir, Exposure to thallium (Tl: Atomic weight of 204.38 and atomic number of 81) and lead (Pb: 207.21 and 82) are important global health-ill problem in particular in developing world.[1,2] These elements are derived from two sources anthropogenic or geogenic.[2] To date, the later has been underestimated in health. It is shown that geogenic thallium and lead are associated with mineralization of hydrothermal and pyrite mineral, and coal deposits.[3] Thallium is generally present in very low concentrations in soils generally range from 0.01 to 3 mg/kg.[4] These concentrations are not properly established; however, most soils contain thallium at concentrations of <1 mg/kg.[3] Concentration of Lead in natural soil is varied from 2 to 200 mg/kg (average 10) mg/kg.[5] We have previously reported anthropogenic thallium and lead exposure and toxicities from Iran due to occupational environments, food sources and even adulterated opioid abuse.[6,7] There is geological potential of thallium and lead in Chelpu area. There are many diseases in this area that could be associated with the presence of these two toxic elements. Therefore, we evaluated thallium and lead in soil in Chelpu area that could potentially contribute in toxic exposure. 26 soil samples were collected from Chelpu catchment area, North east Iran. Soil samples were passed through a 120 mesh sieve and crushed. The samples were then analyzed for thallium and lead levels using ICP-ES via Iranian Geological Organization, Tehran. Mean (SD, min-max) thallium and lead concentrations in soil were 3.64 (0.88, 2.2-5.4) and 12.13 (7.57, 0.6-26.5), respectively, (n = 26). These values are comparable with international reports [Table 1]. Table 1 Thallium and lead concentrations in soil samples of Chelpu in comparison to baseline values of natural soils We found that thallium concentration in Chelpu soil samples was higher than natural soils reported from other geographical regions including International, Chinese and Canadian guidelines.[3,8,9] Lead concentration in Chelpu soil samples was also higher than natural soils in world but lower than natural Chinese soils and Canadian guidelines.[3,5,9] There have been some attempts to establish guidance for preventive measures related to lead pollution and toxicity in Iran. Physicians should be aware of potential consequences related to chronic thallium and lead toxicities in some regions. Sporadic refractory lead toxicities could also be associated with geogenic exposure. Further studies are needed to determine the extent of health impact of geogenic thallium and lead exposures in the area.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,013 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».