BONE SPEED OF SOUND IN OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL-WEIGHT GIRLS AND ADOLESCENTS

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity in the general population has
\nbeen steadily increasing. Obesity is a major issue in scientific research because it is
\nassociated with many health problems, one of which is bone quality. In adult females,
\nadiposity is associated with increased bone mineral density, suggesting that there is a
\nprotective effect of fat on bone. However, the association between adiposity and bone
\nstrength during childhood is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare
\nbone strength, as reflected by speed of sound (SOS), of overweight and obese girls and
\nadolescents with normal-weight age-matched controls. Data from 75 females included
\nnormal-weight girls (G-NW; body fat:::; 25%; n = 21), overweight and obese girls (GOW;
\nbody fat ~ 28%; n = 19), normal-weight adolescents (A-NW, body fat:::; 25%; n =
\n13) and overweight and obese adolescents (A-OW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 22). Nutrition
\nwas assessed with a 24-hour recall questionnaire and habitual physical activity was
\nmeasured for one week using accelerometry. Using quantitative ultrasound (QUS;
\nSunlight Omnisense™), bone SOS was measured at the distal radius and mid-tibia. No
\ndifferences were found between groups in daily total energy, calcium or vitamin D
\nintake. However, all groups were below the recommended daily calcium intake of 1300
\nmg (Osteoporosis Canada, 2008). Adolescents were significantly less active than girls
\n(14.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6% active for G and A, respectively). OW accumulated
\nsignificantly less minutes of moderate-to-very vigorous physical activity per day
\n(MVPA) than NW in both age groups (114 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 5 min/day for NW and OW,
\ni
\nrespectively). Girls had significantly lower radial SOS (3794 ± 87 vs. 3964 ± 64 mls for
\nG-NW and A-NW, respectively), and tibial SOS (3678 ± 86 vs. 3878 ± 52 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively) than adolescents. Radial SOS was similar in the two adiposity
\ngroups within each age group. However, tibial SOS was lower in the two overweight
\ngroups (3601 ± 75 mls vs. 3739 ± 134 mls for G-OW and A-OW, respectively) compared
\nwith the age-matched normal-weight controls. Body fat percentage negatively correlated
\nwith tibial SOS in the study sample as a whole (r = -0.30). However, when split into
\ngroups, percent bo~y fat correlated with tibial SOS only in the A-OW group (r = -0.53).
\nMVPA correlated with tibial SOS (r = 0.40), once age was partialed out. In conclusion,
\nin contrast withthe higher bone strength characteristic of obese adult women, overweight
\nand obese girls and adolescents are characterized by low tibial bone strength, as assessed
\nwith QUS. The differences between adiposity groups in tibial SOS may be at least
\npartially due to the reduced weight-bearing physical activity levels in the overweight girls
\nand adolescents. However, other factors, such as hormonal influences associated with
\nhigh body fat may also playa role in reducing bone strength in overweight girls. Further
\nresearch is required to reveal the mechanisms causing low bone strength in overweight
\nand obese children and adolescents.

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