Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Although the word corporation makes people think of big businesses like General Motors, IBM, Ford and so on, it is not necessary to be big in order to incorporate (start a corporation).Incorporating may be beneficial for small businesses too.The purpose of forming a corporation is to get away from the disadvantages of sole proprietorships and partnerships.One of the more worrisome aspects of owing your own business or having a partner is the fear of losing everything you own, if someone sues the business or the business loses a lot of money.A corporation is a state-chartered legal entity with authority to act and have liability separate from its owners.What this means for the corporation's owners (stockholders) is that they are not liable for the debts or any other problems of the corporation beyond the money they invest.Owners no longer must worry about losing their house, car, and other property because of some business problem -a very significant benefit.A corporation not only limits the liability of owners, it enables many people to share in the ownership (and profits) of a business without working there or having other commitments to it.The concept of incorporation is not too difficult, even though the procedures for incorporating are often rather complex.For business to grow, prosper and create abundance, many people would have to be willing to invest their money in business.The way to solve this problem was to create an artificial being, an entity that existed only in the eyes of the law.That artificial being is called a corporation.It is nothing more than a technique for involving people in business at a minimal risk.The advantages of such an entity are: more money for investment, limited liability, size, tax advantages, perpetual life, easy of ownership change, and separation of the ownership from management.To raise money, a corporation sells ownership (stock) to anyone who is interested.This means that millions of people can own part of major companies like IBM, Xerox, and General Motors.So, a major advantage of corporations is their ability to raise large amounts of money.A major advantage of corporations is the limited liability of owners.Corporations in England and Canada have the letters "Ltd." after their name, as in British Motors, Ltd.The Ltd. stands for limited liability and is probably the most significant advantage of corporations.Limited liability means that the owners of a business are responsible for losses only up to the amount they invest.The word "size" summarizes many of the advantages of corporations.Corporations that have large amounts of money can build large, modern factories
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,015 | 0,009 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,047 | 0,011 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».