Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the word corporation makes people think of big businesses like General Motors, IBM, Ford and so on, it is not necessary to be big in order to incorporate (start a corporation).Incorporating may be beneficial for small businesses too.The purpose of forming a corporation is to get away from the disadvantages of sole proprietorships and partnerships.One of the more worrisome aspects of owing your own business or having a partner is the fear of losing everything you own, if someone sues the business or the business loses a lot of money.A corporation is a state-chartered legal entity with authority to act and have liability separate from its owners.What this means for the corporation's owners (stockholders) is that they are not liable for the debts or any other problems of the corporation beyond the money they invest.Owners no longer must worry about losing their house, car, and other property because of some business problem -a very significant benefit.A corporation not only limits the liability of owners, it enables many people to share in the ownership (and profits) of a business without working there or having other commitments to it.The concept of incorporation is not too difficult, even though the procedures for incorporating are often rather complex.For business to grow, prosper and create abundance, many people would have to be willing to invest their money in business.The way to solve this problem was to create an artificial being, an entity that existed only in the eyes of the law.That artificial being is called a corporation.It is nothing more than a technique for involving people in business at a minimal risk.The advantages of such an entity are: more money for investment, limited liability, size, tax advantages, perpetual life, easy of ownership change, and separation of the ownership from management.To raise money, a corporation sells ownership (stock) to anyone who is interested.This means that millions of people can own part of major companies like IBM, Xerox, and General Motors.So, a major advantage of corporations is their ability to raise large amounts of money.A major advantage of corporations is the limited liability of owners.Corporations in England and Canada have the letters "Ltd." after their name, as in British Motors, Ltd.The Ltd. stands for limited liability and is probably the most significant advantage of corporations.Limited liability means that the owners of a business are responsible for losses only up to the amount they invest.The word "size" summarizes many of the advantages of corporations.Corporations that have large amounts of money can build large, modern factories
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".