Modernising the Law: Breaches of the Peace & Justices of the Peace
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
IntroductionJustices of the Peace ('JP's) -also called magistrates -are the 'work-horses' of the criminal law.They handle the lesser criminal offences.The office of JP derives -at least -from the early 14 th century (and, possibly, considerably earlier).From an early time, JP's were encumbered with a heterogeneous collection of duties, such that they were sometimes performing criminal -and sometimes civil -tasks.Presently, there are some 26,000 JP's serving throughout England and Wales.It is an unsalaried post, although expenses are paid.Over the course of the centuries, many legal texts have been written on JP's (see Appendix A).However, they are now dated.Today, the principal practitioner texts comprise:The purpose of this article is to consider how the law relating to JP's may be consolidated and improved in order to modernise it -as well as made it more accessible to JP's, lawyers and laymen.In particular, the following is asserted: Concepts.The Germanic (and Anglo-Saxon) concepts of the 'peace' and 'breach of the peace' are no longer applicable (or intelligible) since, today, breach of the peace ('BOTP') means (if anything), breach of the criminal law.Further, reference to a magistrate (or judge) is more appropriate and intelligible than to a 'justice of the peace' which title should now be dispensed with in legislation; Criminal Offence.BOTP was never -even from Anglo-Saxon times -a criminal offence in itself.3 Instead, it referred to any offence which -if not punished -would provoke a blood feud (faida); Frankpledge & Hue & Cry.These common law obligations -long obsolete -should be abolished; Justices of the Peace Act 1361.This Act is spent -including the right of JP's to bind over for good behaviour.It should be repealed since the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 now covers all (non-obsolete) matters referred in the former; Justice of the Peace Act 1968, s 1(7).This section should be amended to exclude reference to binding over for 'BOTP' and for 'good behaviour'.Instead, to make it more intelligible in modern times, it should refer to the power to bind over where a person: (a) has committed a crime; or (b) threatened to commit a crime; or (c) incited another to commit a crime; BOTP-Duty of Constable.The common law duty of a constable to prevent 'breaches of the peace' should be replaced by a statutory duty, requiring a constable to 'do his best to prevent the commission of crime' (following Watkins LJ in Howell); Citizen -Arrest without Warrant.This common law power should be abolished since the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 ('PACE 1984'), s 24A now adequately covers matters; 1 The first edition of this work was S Stone, The Justices' Pocket Manual (1 st ed, 1842). 2 The first edition of this work was in 2004.3 Under Anglo-Saxon law, acts that would otherwise lead to a blood feud (i.e.acts which 'breached the peace') were punished.Because Anglo-Saxon law did not separate civil, from criminal, law, there was no direct reference to 'breaches of the criminal law', as such.www.ccsenet.org/jpl
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,022 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,013 | 0,018 |
| Communication savante | 0,011 | 0,011 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,009 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,014 | 0,015 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,013 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
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Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».