Bibliographic record
Abstract
IntroductionJustices of the Peace ('JP's) -also called magistrates -are the 'work-horses' of the criminal law.They handle the lesser criminal offences.The office of JP derives -at least -from the early 14 th century (and, possibly, considerably earlier).From an early time, JP's were encumbered with a heterogeneous collection of duties, such that they were sometimes performing criminal -and sometimes civil -tasks.Presently, there are some 26,000 JP's serving throughout England and Wales.It is an unsalaried post, although expenses are paid.Over the course of the centuries, many legal texts have been written on JP's (see Appendix A).However, they are now dated.Today, the principal practitioner texts comprise:The purpose of this article is to consider how the law relating to JP's may be consolidated and improved in order to modernise it -as well as made it more accessible to JP's, lawyers and laymen.In particular, the following is asserted: Concepts.The Germanic (and Anglo-Saxon) concepts of the 'peace' and 'breach of the peace' are no longer applicable (or intelligible) since, today, breach of the peace ('BOTP') means (if anything), breach of the criminal law.Further, reference to a magistrate (or judge) is more appropriate and intelligible than to a 'justice of the peace' which title should now be dispensed with in legislation; Criminal Offence.BOTP was never -even from Anglo-Saxon times -a criminal offence in itself.3 Instead, it referred to any offence which -if not punished -would provoke a blood feud (faida); Frankpledge & Hue & Cry.These common law obligations -long obsolete -should be abolished; Justices of the Peace Act 1361.This Act is spent -including the right of JP's to bind over for good behaviour.It should be repealed since the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 now covers all (non-obsolete) matters referred in the former; Justice of the Peace Act 1968, s 1(7).This section should be amended to exclude reference to binding over for 'BOTP' and for 'good behaviour'.Instead, to make it more intelligible in modern times, it should refer to the power to bind over where a person: (a) has committed a crime; or (b) threatened to commit a crime; or (c) incited another to commit a crime; BOTP-Duty of Constable.The common law duty of a constable to prevent 'breaches of the peace' should be replaced by a statutory duty, requiring a constable to 'do his best to prevent the commission of crime' (following Watkins LJ in Howell); Citizen -Arrest without Warrant.This common law power should be abolished since the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 ('PACE 1984'), s 24A now adequately covers matters; 1 The first edition of this work was S Stone, The Justices' Pocket Manual (1 st ed, 1842). 2 The first edition of this work was in 2004.3 Under Anglo-Saxon law, acts that would otherwise lead to a blood feud (i.e.acts which 'breached the peace') were punished.Because Anglo-Saxon law did not separate civil, from criminal, law, there was no direct reference to 'breaches of the criminal law', as such.www.ccsenet.org/jpl
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".