Six months later: Are MPAA's tobacco ratings protecting movie audiences?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In the six months (May 10-November 10, 2007) since the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) announced that all smoking would be a factor in movie ratings, there has been no substantial change in the percentage of movies with smoking, across rating categories; in the number of tobacco incidents in these films; nor in the estimated tobacco impressions delivered to audiences in movie theaters, compared to the same period in four previous years.Percentage of movies with smoking: Of the movies that achieved “Top Ten” box office ranking for at least a week, released in the six months after the MPAA’s announcement, 65 percent (51/78) featured tobacco including:• 39 percent of G and PG movies (7/18)• 65 percent of PG-13 movies (20/31)• 83 percent of R-rated movies (24/29).The majority (53%, 27/51) of top box office movies with smoking released May 10-November 10, 2007, were youth-rated.Number of tobacco incidentsContent analysis of the May 10-November 10, 2007, top box office movie sample finds no substantial difference (i.e., none beyond random year-to-year fluctuation) compared to the previous four years in the number of tobacco incidents in movies, in any rating category.Impact on theater audiencesThe total number of tobacco impressions delivered by movies with tobacco imagery showed no substantial change since the MPAA policy announcement, compared to the same period in earlier years.MPAA’s use of tobacco descriptorsData from weekly MPAA bulletins, which announce the ratings of films as they are awarded, indicate that eleven of the twenty-seven youthrated, top box office movies with smoking released to theaters in this survey period completed the MPAA rating process after May 10; none of these films received a tobacco descriptor.After its May 10 announcement, the MPAA gave tobacco descriptors to eleven films released during the survey period by independent distributors (non-MPAA members) and to three such films from MPAA member companies; all fourteen of these films were given limited theatrical release or went directly to video. No films containing smoking that were rated after May 10 and then released nationally received tobacco descriptors. The eleven top box office films with smoking assigned a G, PG and PG-13 rating after May 10, but given no tobacco descriptors, have delivered an estimated three billion tobacco impressions to theater audiences in the U.S. and Canada.ConclusionBecause ratings are awarded after a film has been completed and the MPAA announced last May that its policy was put into immediate effect, sufficient time has passed to observe any meaningful changes in tobacco exposures from youth-rated films. The lack of discernible change indicates that the MPAA’s approach is a failure.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,016 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,015 | 0,004 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».