Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Arbitration and other extrajudicial forms of dispute settlement are only beginning to receive serious consideration in historical studies.Long relegated to an intermediate position in the presumed progression from violent self-help to the sophisticated machinery of a state-run judicial sys- tem, arbitration seemed to hold little historical interest.It lacked formal procedures and conceptual sophistication.Its contribution to legal his- tory, therefore, was minimal, so arbitration received only brieftreatment in histories of civil procedure.^Politicaland social history also neglected arbitration, which was seen as contributing little to the formation of effec- tive government and social order.Arbitration, it was assumed, flourished only where and when government was too weak to provide truly effective order.2Historians utilizing local sources in areas of continental Europe and England have begun to take stock of the persistence and vitality of arbitration alongside the law.This persistence is taken as indicative not so much of shortcomings in the formal judicial system but of "a vigorous and durable tradition of extrajudicial settlement."^Recognitionhas been accorded to the role played by canon law in setting the place of arbitration in a legal order.'*The needs of city residents and governments have been singled out as formative for legal arbitration.^Ithas also become apparent that litigation and arbitration were not mutually exclusive.Many suits were initiated to culminate not in formal adjudication but in a compromise settlement.The lawsuit was not an end in itself but a form of leverage to force a settlement,'* at times with the encouragement of the judge.^Theintent of this paper is to investigate the relationship between arbitration and law in one city, Florence, focusing in the end on a judicial case concerning arbitration.Anthropology has powerfully informed this historical revision regard- ing arbitration.Especially important is the anthropological concept of dispute as a normal, not pathological, stage in ongoing social relationships.Legal anthropologists have also erected t>pologies of dispute settlement » Renaissance et Réforme / 291Ages.To do justice could also be to restore peace, or to take an effective step in that direction.In distinguishing between justice and peace, we must be on guard against an ethnocentric assumption.It was a medieval maxim that "pactum legem vincit et amor judicium."^'*The distinction between agreement and law, between love and judgment, animated a good deal of medieval theorization of and recourse to arbitration, to be sure.But not only does the same set of distinctions not necessarily apply to dispute pro- cessing in nonwestem societies, it does not imply a thorough separation of law and arbitration in western history.^^It may be that law contributed to arbitration.At least one anthropologist, noting that those who wish to avoid agents of the state avail themselves of arbitrators, has been moved to remark that "arbitration generally grows up in the shadow of adjudication, rather than the other way round."^^Only
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,009 | 0,024 |
| Communication savante | 0,008 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,015 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».