Aziz Al-Azmeh and Effie Fokas, eds., Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity and Influence.

0-521-67751-6), $US 85.00 hardcover (978-0-521-86011-6) O ver the past years, a great deal has been written on the subject of Islam in Europe; any new addition should be clear about what it hopes to add to what has already been said.Inevitably, there will be some repetition, but the present volume distinguishes itself in two ways.First, as stated in the introduction, the contributions to this book seek to show the complexity of Islam in Europe, to move away decisively from the idea that there is, or will even ever be, a single or dominant "European Islam."Key chapters by Jorgen Nielsen and Jocelyne Cesari convincingly establish this important point, and it is a unifying theme throughout most of the rest.Second, the focus of the empirical chapters is, for the most part, on southeastern Europe -countries like Bosnia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey -with only occasional and comparative discussion of cases like France, Britain, and the Netherlands, the reference points of much of the literature (the exception is Nielsen's extended discussion of the Danish case).Moreover, in almost all the analyses, the institution of the European Union stands in for what is meant by Europe in the title.The relation of Muslims to that context, how the image, policies, and structures of the European Union have affected them, and how the Union has developed its policies and structures with respect to them, are themes through most chapters.It is the explicit theme of Bérengère Massignon's chapter on the European Commission's regulatory policies concerning religion; she puts particular emphasis on the evolution of these policies in light of Islam's increasingly important and recognized presence in Europe.Within that general framework, the various chapters do, of course, make their particular, and in most cases quite interesting, contributions.A common feature of much of the literature on Islam in Europe is that it concentrates less on Islam as religion and more on Muslims as minorities: their fate, attitudes, actions, stories, and the orientations of non-Muslims to them.This book follows this pattern with the notable exception of Xavier Bougarel's chapter on Bosnian Islam.Here the variety of Islam in Europe is analyzed with reference to three Bosnian Muslim leaders, each of whom has a different conception of Islam, its relation

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