SS: Ocean Mining: The Science Of Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMS) In The Modern Ocean - A New Global Resource For Base And Precious Metals
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract High temperature hydrothermal activity was first observed 30 years ago in the modern oceans where hot springs are precipitating sulfide-sulfate-silica mounds and columnar edifices (" chimneys??) of calcium, barium, iron, copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold with other minor elements. Hydrothermal fields are now known in several major geodynamic settings (slow and fast spreading ridges, back-arc basins, arcs, and fore arcs) and associated with various types of basement rocks (basalt, andesite and dacite volcanic; sediment; and ultramafic intrusions from the mantle). According to their geodynamic setting and the composition of the basement rocks, hydrothermal sulfide deposits can be divided in five major types:Mid ocean ridges + basalt = oceanic crust type;Slow spreading ridges + ultramafic rocks = mantle type;Arc or immature back-arc + felsic lava = Back-arc type); Mid-ocean ridge + sediments + basalt = sedimented ridge type; and Back-arc + continental sediments + felsic lava = sedimented back arc type. Active sites are known at water depths from a few hundreds of meters to 4100 m. The mineral and chemical compositions of sulfides are strongly dependent on the basement rock composition, the degree of maturation of the deposit, the geodynamic setting and, in some cases, on the input of magmatic fluids. At another scale, the composition of fluids and sulfide mineralization is controlled by various physical and chemical processes. One important process, related to pressure and water depth, is phase separation. Modern hydrothermal fields provide insight into geological controls, as well as the mode of formation of Submarine Massive Sulfide (SMS) deposits. On fast spreading ridges, the discharge is unstable and the style of activity varies according to the relative importance of tectonic and volcanic activities. Axial hydrothermal fields are small; however, large sulfide deposits can be formed on off-axial volcanoes. On slow spreading ridges, the hydrothermal activity is more stable and better focused. Hydrothermal fields are much larger than on fast spreading ridges but the spacing between fields is greater. Geological controls are variable: the top of the axial volcanoes where the control is volcanic is one control, but also the base and the top of the rift valley walls, as well as non-transform discontinuities where the control is tectonic and basement rocks often dominated by ultramafic rocks. Back-arc hydrothermal fields also vary depending on the importance of tectonic versus volcanic activity. The style of the discharge and the morphology of mineralization are influenced by the strong permeability of the felsic, vesicular and brecciated lava. Discharge occurs often as extensive (>1km) low temperature deposits at the top of the volcaniclastic ridges. The first observations of black smokers led to the understanding that the SMS deposits were formed primarily by accumulations of chimneys on the oceanic floor. The most recent investigations, and in particular operations of the Ocean Drilling Program showed that they are formed by three principal processes:Accumulations of chimneys on the seafloor;sulfate and sulfide precipitates within the mound; andReplacement of basement rocks (volcanic, ultramafic rocks or sediments). The morphology of mineralization is controlled by the permeability of basement rocks. In the more mature mounds, zone refining processes produces a mineral and chemical zonation of the sulfide mounds.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».