SS: Ocean Mining: The Science Of Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMS) In The Modern Ocean - A New Global Resource For Base And Precious Metals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract High temperature hydrothermal activity was first observed 30 years ago in the modern oceans where hot springs are precipitating sulfide-sulfate-silica mounds and columnar edifices (" chimneys??) of calcium, barium, iron, copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold with other minor elements. Hydrothermal fields are now known in several major geodynamic settings (slow and fast spreading ridges, back-arc basins, arcs, and fore arcs) and associated with various types of basement rocks (basalt, andesite and dacite volcanic; sediment; and ultramafic intrusions from the mantle). According to their geodynamic setting and the composition of the basement rocks, hydrothermal sulfide deposits can be divided in five major types:Mid ocean ridges + basalt = oceanic crust type;Slow spreading ridges + ultramafic rocks = mantle type;Arc or immature back-arc + felsic lava = Back-arc type); Mid-ocean ridge + sediments + basalt = sedimented ridge type; and Back-arc + continental sediments + felsic lava = sedimented back arc type. Active sites are known at water depths from a few hundreds of meters to 4100 m. The mineral and chemical compositions of sulfides are strongly dependent on the basement rock composition, the degree of maturation of the deposit, the geodynamic setting and, in some cases, on the input of magmatic fluids. At another scale, the composition of fluids and sulfide mineralization is controlled by various physical and chemical processes. One important process, related to pressure and water depth, is phase separation. Modern hydrothermal fields provide insight into geological controls, as well as the mode of formation of Submarine Massive Sulfide (SMS) deposits. On fast spreading ridges, the discharge is unstable and the style of activity varies according to the relative importance of tectonic and volcanic activities. Axial hydrothermal fields are small; however, large sulfide deposits can be formed on off-axial volcanoes. On slow spreading ridges, the hydrothermal activity is more stable and better focused. Hydrothermal fields are much larger than on fast spreading ridges but the spacing between fields is greater. Geological controls are variable: the top of the axial volcanoes where the control is volcanic is one control, but also the base and the top of the rift valley walls, as well as non-transform discontinuities where the control is tectonic and basement rocks often dominated by ultramafic rocks. Back-arc hydrothermal fields also vary depending on the importance of tectonic versus volcanic activity. The style of the discharge and the morphology of mineralization are influenced by the strong permeability of the felsic, vesicular and brecciated lava. Discharge occurs often as extensive (>1km) low temperature deposits at the top of the volcaniclastic ridges. The first observations of black smokers led to the understanding that the SMS deposits were formed primarily by accumulations of chimneys on the oceanic floor. The most recent investigations, and in particular operations of the Ocean Drilling Program showed that they are formed by three principal processes:Accumulations of chimneys on the seafloor;sulfate and sulfide precipitates within the mound; andReplacement of basement rocks (volcanic, ultramafic rocks or sediments). The morphology of mineralization is controlled by the permeability of basement rocks. In the more mature mounds, zone refining processes produces a mineral and chemical zonation of the sulfide mounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".