Physical and behavioral development of nursing harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups in Maine
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Compared to other phocids seals, the maternal investment strategy of the small bodied female harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) is complex. Females are unable to fast for the entire duration of pup rearing and are therefore reliant on resources in the vicinity of the pupping aggregation to continue provisioning their pup by mid-lactation. At the same time, harbor seal pups are highly active during lactation which increases energetic costs to the female but also offers an opportunity for females to influence the behavioral development of her pup. To understand how females maximize their pup's survival it is important to examine both the physical and behavioral development of harbor seal pups. The goal of my research was to describe the morphological development and ontogeny of diving behavioral for harbor seal pups in Maine in respect to the potential factors influencing these two measures of maternal investment. I conducted my research at pupping sites in the vicinity of Stonington, Maine. During two seasons, 156 pups were captured, weighed and measured, and equipped with identification tags. Birth dates were estimated for all individuals and a subset of animals received VHF radio transmitters and time-depth recorders (TDRs) in order to monitor movements, activity, and diving behavior. Pups were monitored using telemetry and were recaptured opportunistically to recover TDRs and measure growth. There was no difference in the timing o births between years and the mean pupping date was found to be May 23rd (SE = 0.5). Mean birth mass was 11.1 kg (SE = 0.23) and mass gain rate averaged 0.45 kg/d (SE = 0.03). Pup mass gains were found to differ between years and decline late in the pupping season. Additionally, pup mass gain rates were found to be positively associated with increased 'in water' activity after controlling for temporal. Data from TDRs revealed that pups spent a large portion of time in water (61%) during lactation and dove up to 100 m near weaning. Activity and diving behavior was found to be influenced by pup birth mass, mass gain rate, age as well as the depth available and tide heights experienced by pups during TDR deployment. Maximal dive duration and dive depths were highly associated with bathymetry and this factor was the most important in limiting pup diving depths early in lactation. The positive association between pup mass gain rate and activity is likely explained by the intermediary effects of female size and condition on both female attendance and pup growth. Although the lower mean mass gain rates in Maine compared to Canadian populations may be explained by differences in population status, this did not explain the lower range of values observed in this study. Resource limitations in the vicinity of pupping sites may provide an explanation for lower pup development and the significant decline in mass gain rates late in the pupping period in this study.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».