Comparison of the Spray Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of a Wood-Derived Fast Pyrolysis Liquid-Ethanol Blend with Number 2 and Number 4 Fuel Oils in a Pilot-Stabilized Swirl Burner
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Biomass fast pyrolysis liquid (bio-oil) is a cellulose-based alternative fuel with the potential to displace fossil fuels in stationary heat and power applications. To understand the combustion behavior and emissions of bio-oil, a 10 kW spray burner was designed and constructed. The effect of swirl, atomization quality, ignition (pilot) energy, and total primary combustion air on the stability and emissions of bio-oil spray flames was investigated. A blend of 80% pyrolysis liquid and 20% ethanol by volume was used during the tests, and the results were compared to the burner operation with number 2 and number 4 fuel oils. Bio-oil exhibits higher emissions than number 2 fuel oil at any given operating point. This is primarily due to better atomization quality with number 2 fuel oil, although not as a consequence of viscosity differences, which are minor at the measured fuel temperature in the nozzle (>80 °C). The disparity in atomization quality is caused by differences in the relative amount of atomizing air to liquid fuel flow rate provided to the nozzle at a fixed energy throughput. Another factor that contributes to higher bio-oil blend emissions is worse overall distillation characteristics compared to number 2 fuel oil. As a fully distillable fuel that evaporates high-energy compounds, number 2 fuel oil is far less sensitive to changes in flame stability or blow-off brought upon by varying the swirl number, atomizing air, pilot energy, or primary combustion air flow rate. Because of a combination of these atomization quality and fuel volatility effects, the bio-oil blend cannot operate over as wide of a range of primary air or atomizing air flow rates as number 2 fuel oil. The bio-oil blend has a lower boiling point than diesel and is much more susceptible to flashing-induced combustion instabilities, which lead to intermittent blow-out and higher CO emissions. The NO x and particulate emissions of number 2 fuel oil are lower than bio-oil because of the negligible fuel nitrogen and ash contents in the fuel, respectively. Number 4 fuel oil is more comparable to bio-oil because of its nondistillable fraction, fuel nitrogen, and ash contents. CO and hydrocarbon emissions are lower than the bio-oil blend, but total particulates and carbonaceous residues are higher for number 4 fuel oil. This is despite better atomization and a lower nondistillable fraction, suggesting that the fuel-oil residues are more difficult to burn out completely. Fuel NO x conversion efficency of number 4 fuel oil is similar to the bio-oil blend. There are differences in fly ash mineral composition between the two fuels, as well as a much higher sulfur content for number 4 fuel oil. Carbon burnout analysis indicates that all fuels can achieve high carbon conversion efficiency (>99%) at the best operating conditions. The bio-oil blend has the highest amount of unburned carbon, of which the majority is in the form of gaseous CO.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».