Techbits: Learnings From the SEG/SPE/ARMA Injection-Induced Seismicity Workshop
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Techbits In September, a technical workshop was held on the topic of injection-induced seismicity in Banff, Canada. It brought together industry and technical experts to discuss the increasingly important topic of induced seismicity associated with various injections during oil and gas activities. The event was cosponsored by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG), the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), and the American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA), serving as a followup to a previous meeting on the topic held in Broomfield, Colorado, in 2012. More than 120 professionals participated, with the majority traveling from the United States (60%) and Canada (30%), and some from Europe (10%) and one each from Japan and Colombia. The attendees represented oil and gas companies (34%), academia (25%), service companies (25%), and government organizations including national laboratories, geological surveys, and regulatory bodies. Similar to the workshop in Broomfield, the majority of the participants were geophysicists (both industry geophysicists and earthquake seismologists) with engineers and geomechanicists making up the rest of the group. Nearly 50 technical presentations made up the program that covered case studies, various techniques to model the phenomena, seismic hazard and risk, and industry protocols to mitigate the problem. The workshop was organized through a committee consisting of Dave Eaton, University of Calgary; Hal Maccartney, Pioneer Resources; Julie Shemeta, MEQ Geo; Mike Fehler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Norm Warpinski, Pinnacle/Halliburton; Pat McLellan, Talisman Energy; Rod Gertson, Devon Energy; and was chaired by Shawn Maxwell, IMaGE. It was interesting to compare and contrast the two workshops to see how experience, understanding, and attitudes have changed during the period. The Broomfield meeting was held at a time when concerns about injection-induced seismicity were just beginning and the meeting was primarily intended to educate the industry about the issue. As described in a Broomfield workshop report published in SEG’s The Leading Edge and SPE’s Journal of Petroleum Technology, key facts were established. When Does Seismicity Occur? For example, only a small proportion of injection wells have induced seismicity, including geothermal, waste injection, and hydraulic fracturing operations. The seismicity occurs when preferentially oriented faults close to the point of slipping in the geologic stress field have stress and/or pressure changes that cause the fault to slip. Seismicity also can occur after the injection has ceased and may occur at some distance from the actual injection point, which can lead to uncertainty identifying injection as a causal factor.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,007 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,010 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,010 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,004 | 0,006 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,043 | 0,025 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».