Techbits: Learnings From the SEG/SPE/ARMA Injection-Induced Seismicity Workshop
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Techbits In September, a technical workshop was held on the topic of injection-induced seismicity in Banff, Canada. It brought together industry and technical experts to discuss the increasingly important topic of induced seismicity associated with various injections during oil and gas activities. The event was cosponsored by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG), the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), and the American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA), serving as a followup to a previous meeting on the topic held in Broomfield, Colorado, in 2012. More than 120 professionals participated, with the majority traveling from the United States (60%) and Canada (30%), and some from Europe (10%) and one each from Japan and Colombia. The attendees represented oil and gas companies (34%), academia (25%), service companies (25%), and government organizations including national laboratories, geological surveys, and regulatory bodies. Similar to the workshop in Broomfield, the majority of the participants were geophysicists (both industry geophysicists and earthquake seismologists) with engineers and geomechanicists making up the rest of the group. Nearly 50 technical presentations made up the program that covered case studies, various techniques to model the phenomena, seismic hazard and risk, and industry protocols to mitigate the problem. The workshop was organized through a committee consisting of Dave Eaton, University of Calgary; Hal Maccartney, Pioneer Resources; Julie Shemeta, MEQ Geo; Mike Fehler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Norm Warpinski, Pinnacle/Halliburton; Pat McLellan, Talisman Energy; Rod Gertson, Devon Energy; and was chaired by Shawn Maxwell, IMaGE. It was interesting to compare and contrast the two workshops to see how experience, understanding, and attitudes have changed during the period. The Broomfield meeting was held at a time when concerns about injection-induced seismicity were just beginning and the meeting was primarily intended to educate the industry about the issue. As described in a Broomfield workshop report published in SEG’s The Leading Edge and SPE’s Journal of Petroleum Technology, key facts were established. When Does Seismicity Occur? For example, only a small proportion of injection wells have induced seismicity, including geothermal, waste injection, and hydraulic fracturing operations. The seismicity occurs when preferentially oriented faults close to the point of slipping in the geologic stress field have stress and/or pressure changes that cause the fault to slip. Seismicity also can occur after the injection has ceased and may occur at some distance from the actual injection point, which can lead to uncertainty identifying injection as a causal factor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".