Quantification of Land Contamination Due to Disposal of Produced Water in Effluent Pits Associated With Crude Oil in Kuwait
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Effluent Pits are disposal pits in which produced water, originating from the initial separation of oil and gas is left to evaporate. The pits were typically constructed as a large earth bund and are usually lined with HDPE sheets to prevent lateral and vertical migration of pollutants. The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) had set out a program to inject produced water into deep disposal wells after treatment and not dispose to effluent pits. Thirty-nine (39) out of Fifty-five (55) effluent pits that exist across the KOC assets were selected for decommissioning and remediation. The balance pits were kept for the purpose of emergency operational requirement. An intrusive investigation were undertaken on a representative number of de-commissioned pits to assess the vertical and lateral penetration of contamination in order to understand the remedial requirements and to restore the pits to the background concentration levels. Samples were collected at multiple points and depths within the each pit. A total of 56 soil samples (14 samples per pit) were drawn from four evaporation pits spread across company fields. The samples were analyzed for the "Standard Suite" of Contaminants of Concern (COCs) such as Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, BTEX(Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene), Heavy Metals and other inorganic compounds. The chemical testing had identified limited exceedances of the company's industrial RBCLs (Risk Based Clean-up Levels). However, it had identified widespread exceedances of the ecotoxicological RBCLs (Canadian regulation) across all locations for the main hydrocarbon fractions (TPH-DRO >C10 – C16 and TPH-RRO> C16-C35). Ecotoxicity failures were also frequently noted for heavy metals, PAHs and benzene. Despite the exceedances of these ecotoxicity screening criteria, direct evidence of phytotoxic effects on the flora and fauna within the oilfields was not noted. The results showed a mixed pattern of potential risks. The presence and depth of low permeability layers such as gatch coupled with artificial liners of HDPE appeared to have an important controlling factor in the extent of vertical and lateral migration of contamination. The assessment concluded predicting lower risks to industrial workers, moderate risk to groundwater and moderate/high impacts on ecology.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».