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Résumé
Abstract Vapor extraction (VAPEX) process warrants the oil industry attention because of its applicability to recover viscous oil in the cases when Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) fails due to the presence of bottom water aquifer, low heat conductivity, thin pay zone and excessive heat losses to adjacent formations. Dilution of heavy oil and thus lowering the viscosity, density, IFT and capillary pressure is considered as the basic mechanism of the VAPEX process. Although, researchers have studied many influencing factors on oil recovery in VAPEX, the effect of capillary pressure has never been studied or understood completely. The objective of this study is to explore the effects of capillary pressure in the VAPEX process by combining experimental results with simulation studies. Extensive experimental studies are conducted in a rectangular transparent visual cell. Grain size distribution and model height are kept constant, while the viscosity of the targeted oil is varied. Capillary pressure and relative permeability data are obtained from flooding experiments to utilize in the simulator. Results analysis reveals that capillarity acts in favor of the VAPEX process by shaping up the vapor chamber, reducing free gas production and also increasing drainage rate by increasing the effective area for molecular diffusion. Introduction With the decline in conventional oil reserves, a major thrust of oil industries throughout the world is on the exploitation of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. The magnitude of these resources is about six trillion barrels of oil, which is about six times the total conventional oil reserves(1). A major part of these resources are located in Venezuela, Russia, Canada and the United States. The estimated original oil in place (OOIP) of heavy oil and bitumen in Canada is about 2.7 trillion barrels, which is twice the total conventional oil reserves in the Middle East. Total estimated resource only in the province of Alberta is 1.6 trillion barrels, buried at a depth of 0 – 800m(2). Currently, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has become a popular technique for the recovery of heavy oil and bitumen. Despite the apparent successes of the steam processes, it suffers from inherent disadvantages in reservoirs with thin pay zone, bottom water zone and/or overlying gas zone, low thermal conductivity of the rock matrix, high water saturation, low porosity, vertical fractures and/or fissures, etc (3). Vapor Extraction (VAPEX), which was initially proposed by Butler and Mokrys(3,4), is a relatively new process that involves reduction of viscosity by diluting the oil with vaporized hydrocarbon solvents. The concept is analogous to that of SAGD and is represented in Figure 1. It involves two horizontal wells, where the injection well is placed above the production well on the same vertical plane. Then vaporized solvent such as butane, introduced into the reservoir through the injection well, dilutes the heavy oil, which drains down towards the production well under the influence of gravity. In VAPEX, production rates are directly related to the viscosity reduction, which in turn depends on the amount of solvent dissolved in the crude.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle