Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Vapor extraction (VAPEX) process warrants the oil industry attention because of its applicability to recover viscous oil in the cases when Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) fails due to the presence of bottom water aquifer, low heat conductivity, thin pay zone and excessive heat losses to adjacent formations. Dilution of heavy oil and thus lowering the viscosity, density, IFT and capillary pressure is considered as the basic mechanism of the VAPEX process. Although, researchers have studied many influencing factors on oil recovery in VAPEX, the effect of capillary pressure has never been studied or understood completely. The objective of this study is to explore the effects of capillary pressure in the VAPEX process by combining experimental results with simulation studies. Extensive experimental studies are conducted in a rectangular transparent visual cell. Grain size distribution and model height are kept constant, while the viscosity of the targeted oil is varied. Capillary pressure and relative permeability data are obtained from flooding experiments to utilize in the simulator. Results analysis reveals that capillarity acts in favor of the VAPEX process by shaping up the vapor chamber, reducing free gas production and also increasing drainage rate by increasing the effective area for molecular diffusion. Introduction With the decline in conventional oil reserves, a major thrust of oil industries throughout the world is on the exploitation of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. The magnitude of these resources is about six trillion barrels of oil, which is about six times the total conventional oil reserves(1). A major part of these resources are located in Venezuela, Russia, Canada and the United States. The estimated original oil in place (OOIP) of heavy oil and bitumen in Canada is about 2.7 trillion barrels, which is twice the total conventional oil reserves in the Middle East. Total estimated resource only in the province of Alberta is 1.6 trillion barrels, buried at a depth of 0 – 800m(2). Currently, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has become a popular technique for the recovery of heavy oil and bitumen. Despite the apparent successes of the steam processes, it suffers from inherent disadvantages in reservoirs with thin pay zone, bottom water zone and/or overlying gas zone, low thermal conductivity of the rock matrix, high water saturation, low porosity, vertical fractures and/or fissures, etc (3). Vapor Extraction (VAPEX), which was initially proposed by Butler and Mokrys(3,4), is a relatively new process that involves reduction of viscosity by diluting the oil with vaporized hydrocarbon solvents. The concept is analogous to that of SAGD and is represented in Figure 1. It involves two horizontal wells, where the injection well is placed above the production well on the same vertical plane. Then vaporized solvent such as butane, introduced into the reservoir through the injection well, dilutes the heavy oil, which drains down towards the production well under the influence of gravity. In VAPEX, production rates are directly related to the viscosity reduction, which in turn depends on the amount of solvent dissolved in the crude.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it