Waterflooding Experiments with X-ray CT Imaging
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Three experiments have been performed, injecting brine and polymer into a sand pack saturated with heavy oil. Each experiment was imaged with time lapse X-ray CT. The first two experiments, conducted in a medical scanner with a resolution of 350 μm, suggested important features below the scale of spatial resolution. The last experiment, performed in a synchrotron beamline with a resolution of 4.3 μm, provided a view of oil/water interactions on the scale of individual pores. Conventional theory holds that waterflooding is unstable with respect to the development of fingers, which push the oil ahead of them. "Sweep efficiency" can be improved by increasing the water viscosity with polymer, which reduces the mobility ratio and stabilizes the front. Waterflooding has been applied successfully to heavy oil, but the detailed mechanisms of recovery are not well understood. Breakthrough of water occurs quickly at the producer; most oil production occurs at high water cuts over a long period of time. The most striking feature of the medical scans was the absence of distinct fingers of high water saturation. The only identifiable, compact "front" consisted of saturation changes of 20% or less. Moreover, breakthrough occurred long before the front reached the production end of the pack. More surprisingly, water saturation was observed to increase everywhere throughout each experiment. The inference was that fingering, if present, was occurring at a scale below that of the resolution. The synchrotron scans did not reveal the expected pore scale fingering, but instead showed evidence of water transport entirely in wetting films. Residual blobs of connate water were observed to grow throughout, but never linked up to form fully water-saturated paths. The mechanism of oil mobilization was also quite different from the traditional picture. There was no scale at which oil was pushed ahead of a water front. Instead, isolated droplets of immobile water swelled, fed by films of water on the grain surfaces. These results do not rule out an eventual transition to a more conventional picture; only a few pore volumes were injected. But the path to that state may be different from what is usually assumed.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».