Fracture Geometry Optimization: Designs Utilizing New Polymer-Free Fracturing Fluid and Log-Derived Stress Profile / Rock Properties
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Newport Petroleum Co. embarked on an exploration and development drilling program in a channel sand. This clastic channel was situated within a much larger, fully developed field located in Central Alberta. The new wells were drilled for a target interval that that is known to have low reservoir permeability, and would have to be fracture stimulated to produce economically. The offset wells were all drilled and duly stimulated using a design based on historical knowledge. Following treatment, they produced at a rate that wascost effective; however, the rate was not as high as expected. In addition, post job pressure analysis of the treatments showed that the actual recorded job pressures could not be matched with the initial simulator predictions. The net pressure indicated uncontrolled fracture height growth. The fracture designs on the offset wells were made utilizing rock properties and a stress profile based on conventional open hole logs. These indicated a sandstone pay zone bounded below by a calcite cemented sand then shale and dirty sand / shale above. There were no signs of a weak zone that would have accounted for the height growth that was indicated from the actual job data. In order to have a better understanding of how the fracture was actually growing; it became apparent that an improved knowledge of the stress profile and rock properties from wireline logs (conventional open hole logs plus the dipole shear sonic imager) would be required. Using this information an optimized fracture design could be made on future wells. Coupled with the log derived stress profile, the new polymer-free, visco-elastic surfactant (VES) based fracturing fluid was also used to maximize conductivity and minimize height. This fluid has a much lower viscosity than conventional polymer fluids. Due to its polymer-free nature, VES fluids provide a great improvement in retained fracture conductivity. When using crosslinked polymer fluids, very high viscosity is required for proppant transport and in most cases; this high viscosity can result in uncontrollable fracture height growth. Proppant transport capability of a VES fluid is not viscosity related, but due to the network structure created by the worm-like micelles. When this fracturing fluid (with low viscosity) is utilized, the generation of the unnecessary height growth is reduced. The paper includes the case histories and overall processes that were used to optimize fracture designs with Dipole shear sonic imager derived stress profile / rock properties,Investigation for preventing fracture height growth, andUse of a visco-elastic surfactant based fracturing fluid. The result of this work was a 3–4 fold production increase for all of the subsequent wells. This success led to an expanded drilling program of approximately 25 wells. The result of this work was a 3-4 fold production increase for all of the subsequent wells. This success led to an expanded drilling program of approximately 25 wells.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».