Microbial resistance of caseinate films crosslinked by gamma irradiation
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The need to improve the shelf life and quality of foods, combined with the urgency to reduce waste generated by synthetic non-biodegradable packaging, have resulted in an increasing interest in biodegradable or edible materials (Chen, 1995). The challenge in the development of such materials lies in achieving controlled lifetime together with compatibility with foods and the environment. Natural polymers or polymers derived from natural monomers such as food proteins offer the greatest opportunities, since their biodegradability and environmental compatibility are assured (Krochta & de Mulder-Johnston, 1997). Milk proteins such as caseins have been formulated into coatings and films for improving food quality (Baker et al . 1994). Unfortunately, the highly hydrophilic nature of these proteins limits the possibility of producing films with the required properties. Gamma irradiation, which induces the formation of crosslinks in the protein structure, is known to improve the mechanical properties and water resistance of such materials (Brault et al . 1997; Mezgheni et al . 1998 a ; Ressouany et al. 1998), and can also sterilize materials for possible biomedical applications (Kaetsu, 1995). Gamma irradiation is slowly becoming accepted in the food industry as a means of safely improving the shelf life of various fruits and vegetables and eliminating bacterial contamination in meats (Pszczola, 1997). All these features (sterility, increased mechanical strength, controlled life time) make gamma irradiation a promising technique for the production of commercial biodegradable films. In the present study, we have investigated the microbial resistance of calcium caseinate films irradiated at 4 or 64 kGy. A minimum dose of 4 kGy was required to produce complete sterility in the films without inducing many crosslinks in the protein. A dose of 64 kGy was used to induce maximum crosslinking density (Ressouany et al . 1998). The rate of modification of the films was evaluated using three methods. Firstly, microbiological counts were performed on films incubated with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This strain was chosen because it produces a wide range of proteinases and is often implicated in the process of food spoilage. These results were compared with those obtained for soluble N. Since conversion to CO 2 is one of the standard test procedures to assess biodegradability (El-Din Sharabi & Bartha, 1993), we also analysed the CO 2 produced by the biodegradation of the crosslinked films using a modified version of a standard test procedure (American Society for Testing Materials, 1992). This measures the aerobic degradation of plastic materials inoculated with municipal sewage sludge. We have replaced the sludge by a concentrated bacterial strain ( Ps. aeruginosa ) and compared these results with the two previous methods. This last method was used to measure the resistance of the crosslinked films to bacterial degradation.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle