Hand-Held Photoionization Instruments for Quantitative Detection of Sarin Vapor and for Rapid Qualitative Screening of Contaminated Objects
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Suitable detectors are needed to support survey needs of incident responders and health care personnel who may receive patients from an incident with exposures to hazardous chemicals. In the health care setting, such a detector would avoid cross-contamination to workers, patients, and to the treatment facility and associated equipment. An ideal survey detector would be sensitive, hand-held, capable of extended battery operation, and would provide a nearly immediate detector response on exposure to a broad range of high-concern chemicals. For responders, important capabilities would include quantitative measurement of gas/vapor contamination, and for both response and health care settings, qualitative detection of contaminated people and objects. In this study, the operating characteristics of photoionization detector (PID) instruments were examined using O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin) in a laboratory setting. Instrument response factors were calculated for quantitation of airborne sarin, and speed of detector response and recovery were examined with point-contaminated cloth material. By sampling a range of sarin-contaminated air, calculated isobutylene unit response factors for high-and moderate-sensitivity commercial PID instrument types were 11.3 and 14.0 (dry air) and 20.1 and 44.4 (50% relative humidity), respectively. Response of the PID systems was highly correlated to concentration sampled, with R(2) values greater than or equal to 0.997 for all combinations of PID detector type and humidity. While not sensitive enough to warn the unprotected public against a chemical with an extremely low "safe" exposure concentration, quantitation with available PID instruments could be useful to quickly prioritize corrective measures for a PID-detectable chemical. Qualitative survey characteristics were examined for the more sensitive PID tested using a piece of cloth material contaminated by a 1.0 micro L droplet of liquid sarin. Rapid response and recovery times (seconds) were observed when the sampling inlet was moved close to and away from the point of contamination. Within the health care setting, hand-held PID instruments could fill an important and currently unmet need as a point source detector for liquid contamination from extremely dangerous chemicals to help identify contaminated surfaces and limit secondary contamination and exposures.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle