Development of Titanium Process Piping Welding/Assembly
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The paper presents the step by step from the receipt, storage and transportation, pre-assembly up to the field welding developed in the assembly of titanium process piping. It was possible to verify and list critical recommendations since the handling step until the final evaluation of welding, in addition to the technical characteristics and advantages of using titanium to replace some of the usual materials industry due to its flexibility and mechanical strength, described below and exemplified throughout this work. The requirements of the manufacturer were the main points to be followed and all the supplier requests were considerable to achieve the higher quality level during the activities. Furthermore, some technics as observe the color of the weld and heat affected zone to check the existence of defects was used during the activities. Since the use of this material in the petroleum industry is growing up in scale and it has fundamental importance of the chemical and metallurgical point of view, the study has the objective of showing the best practices to erect piping, even knowing the difficulties of weldability. This approach brings several points to growth of knowledge of the activity, mainly due the small bibliography available about this subject. Introduction Titanium was recognized as a chemical element more than 200 years ago. Only in the last 40 years, however, it gained strategic importance. During that time, commercial production of titanium and its alloys has grown from zero to well over 23 million quilos per year in the United States. World production of metallic titanium is in the order of 99,000 tons and the main mining areas are in Norway, India, Brazil, Canada, the United States and Russia and their main sources are rutile (TiO2) and ilmenite (TiO3). The considerable growth was initiated due to the development by Dr. Wilhelm J. Kroll of a relatively safe and economical production of titanium metal in the late '30s. After 1940, the mechanical and physical properties of this element have been defined and the commercial importance of this metal was evident. Currently, the increasing production of titanium is mainly due to the development of biomechanics industry and the expansion of petrochemical industry. By presenting approximately 60% of the steel weight, excellent mechanical properties such as resistance to corrosion and temperature variations and allows their manufacture in various forms required, the pure metal and its alloys have been used for the manufacture of surgical implants. In petrochemical industry, the world market is undergoing drastic changes as the growth of production and export capacity of Middle East, the replacement of the United States and Europe to Asia as the main consumer market. Furthermore, the integration of oil refining and petrochemical production is a recurring theme of studies on oil processing, in order to take advantages of synergies in these activities. Thus, as the oxidation reactor of a PTA (Purified Terephthalic Acid) plant and its pipings are lined with titanium, the demand for this element has been continuously increasing.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,004 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».