Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The Solvent Aided Process (SAP), described previously by the authors, is an improvement to SAGD that promises to enhance the economics of bitumen/heavy oil recovery projects and reduce water usage. In SAP, a small amount of hydrocarbon solvent (such as a low molecular weight alkane) is introduced as an additive to the injected steam during SAGD. The viscosity of the oil is reduced due to solvent dilution in addition to heating. SAP holds the promise of significantly improving the energy efficiency of SAGD, thus, reducing the heat requirement. Encana's field trials of SAP, discussed elsewhere, have shown the practical upside of this process. This paper discusses two conceptual optimizations of SAP. SAP reduces the effective steam-oil ratio (SOR) of SAGD. However, this comes at a cost as a part of the injected solvent is retained in the reservoir and lost in terms of economics. The smaller this cost is, the better are the economics of SAP. In this paper, the merits and drawbacks of using two alternate substances, SO2 and olefinated light alkanes, as solvents are discussed. Bottom-up SAP is a special geometrical configuration of SAP, discussed before. In this variant of the SAP process, bitumen recovery progresses from the bottom to the top of the reservoir, and employs injector and producer wells that are spaced horizontally apart rather than being in the same vertical plane. For large horizontal spacing between the injector and producer in a well pair, rates are low. On the other hand, for small spacing, the capital associated with the project is high. This paper explores the optimal horizontal spacing between the wells in a bottom-up SAP well pair. Introduction Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) relies primarily on heat supplied to the reservoir by steam to reduce the viscosity of the oil(1). In SAP(2–5), solvent dilution is also taken advantage of to aid in this viscosity reduction. The result is an enhanced rate of oil production and recovery leading to superior economics with lower energy intensity and a reduction in water usage. To further improve the economics and energy efficiency of the process, in this paper, two optimizations of SAP are discussed; namely, employment of inexpensive solvents and optimal configuration of bottom-up SAP. SAP economics depend on the extent of the residual solvent in the reservoir(3) such that, the higher the inventory and cost of the unrecovered solvent, the less advantageous it is to carry out SAP. In principle, any of the commercially-available light alkanes (e.g. propane, butane or natural gas condensate) can be employed for SAP. However, these liquids tend to be expensive due to their multiple uses in the industry and their price generally varies in sync with light sweet crude. This fact naturally offers an opportunity to further improve the economics of SAP by looking for other solvents, and the discussion below describes two such alternative, inexpensive solvents.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».