Steam Flooding of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Basic Concepts and Recovery Mechanisms
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A review of important issues in steam injection in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) is presented. The effect of temperature on physical properties of crude oils and rocks and the thermo-chemical alteration of crude oil are discussed. The recovery of oil from NFRs can be modelled as a two step process: first the oil is expelled from the matrix blocks through mechanisms that impose a pressure gradient within each matrix block and then it is swept through the fracture network to a production well by mechanisms that impose a pressure gradient within the fracture network. The recovery mechanisms associated with steam injection in NFRs and their characteristic times are presented. The most important recovery mechanism in matrix blocks is differential thermal expansion between oil and the matrix pore volume and the strongest mechanism in fracture network is the reduction of viscosity ratio (µo/µw). The matrix oil recovery mechanisms are relatively independent of oil gravity, making steam an equally attractive recovery process in fractured light and heavy oil reservoirs. The mechanism and impact of CO2 generation during steam injection in carbonate reservoirs are discussed. The rate of CO2 generation is controlled by the rate of heat conduction from fracture into the matrix. For a specific reservoir the rate of heat conduction is a function of temperature and injection rate of steam and these can be optimized to make use of the in situ generated CO2. Introduction Heavy oil in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs is an important resource, which accounts for one-third of total heavy oil worldwide. Many fractured reservoirs in the Middle East, former Soviet Union and Canada are candidates for thermal heavy oil recovery. Steam injection processes, which have been used extensively to recover heavy oil from non-fractured reservoirs, were not applied to fractured reservoirs until recently. This was primarily based on the belief that the injected steam would bypass the oil through the fractures and would be ineffective in recovering the oil. However, the results of experimental, theoretical and pilot tests which have appeared in the literature since early 1980s, show the feasibility of heavy oil recovery from fractured reservoirs using steam injection.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».