Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Earth's space environment often offers surprises upon the introduction of new technologies. The history of some space weather impacts on communications demonstrates this vividly. Such history was on my mind during a recent trip to Newfoundland, Canada. Nestled in an eastern inlet, the small fishing village of Heart's Content marks the landing site of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, in 1866, laid by the famous ship Great Eastern with the financial backing of Cyrus Field. The building and laying of this cable is an engineering saga in its own right; subsequent Europe-to-North America telegraph cables in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries also had Newfoundland coastal ports as their termini. Geomagnetic storm–produced ground currents that flowed through this and other telegraph cables seriously affected transmission and reception of signals. The voice telephone eventually replaced the telegraph, yet the new technology, with its innovative repeaters and power system, was just as vulnerable as the old. This was dramatically confirmed by the effects of the very large geomagnetic storm of 10–11 February 1958 on the first transatlantic voice telephone cable, laid between Oban, Scotland, and Clarenville, Newfoundland. This cable, placed in commercial service in September 1956 at the height of large solar cycle 19, saw complete disruptions of voice traffic during the 1958 storm. Signal Hill, in St. John's, Newfoundland (∼130 kilometers from Clarenville and ∼80 kilometers southeast of Heart's Content; see Figure 1), was the site of Guglielmo Marconi's reception of the Morse code letter S on 12 December 1901 from his transmission station on the cliffs above Poldhu Bay, in Cornwall, England. This achievement of wireless transmission across the Atlantic was possible only because of the existence of Earth's ionosphere. Wireless transmission provided larger bandwidths for the communications signals and avoided the pesky ground electrical currents that could plague cable communications. However, as Marconi himself wrote, it was quickly discovered that “…times of bad [wireless] fading practically always coincide with the appearance of large sun-spots and intense aurora-boreali usually accompanied by magnetic storms….” He further noted that these are “…the same periods when cables and land lines experience difficulties or are thrown out of action.” Historic occurrences of the effects of space weather on new technologies therefore remind us that continued efforts toward a better understanding of Earth's space environment are necessary to developing and implementing robust systems designs. Such work will be critical to the continued use of cell phone technology and for communications technologies of the future. Louis J. Lanzerotti is editor of Space Weather and a distinguished research professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, in Newark.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».