Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Earth's space environment often offers surprises upon the introduction of new technologies. The history of some space weather impacts on communications demonstrates this vividly. Such history was on my mind during a recent trip to Newfoundland, Canada. Nestled in an eastern inlet, the small fishing village of Heart's Content marks the landing site of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, in 1866, laid by the famous ship Great Eastern with the financial backing of Cyrus Field. The building and laying of this cable is an engineering saga in its own right; subsequent Europe-to-North America telegraph cables in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries also had Newfoundland coastal ports as their termini. Geomagnetic storm–produced ground currents that flowed through this and other telegraph cables seriously affected transmission and reception of signals. The voice telephone eventually replaced the telegraph, yet the new technology, with its innovative repeaters and power system, was just as vulnerable as the old. This was dramatically confirmed by the effects of the very large geomagnetic storm of 10–11 February 1958 on the first transatlantic voice telephone cable, laid between Oban, Scotland, and Clarenville, Newfoundland. This cable, placed in commercial service in September 1956 at the height of large solar cycle 19, saw complete disruptions of voice traffic during the 1958 storm. Signal Hill, in St. John's, Newfoundland (∼130 kilometers from Clarenville and ∼80 kilometers southeast of Heart's Content; see Figure 1), was the site of Guglielmo Marconi's reception of the Morse code letter S on 12 December 1901 from his transmission station on the cliffs above Poldhu Bay, in Cornwall, England. This achievement of wireless transmission across the Atlantic was possible only because of the existence of Earth's ionosphere. Wireless transmission provided larger bandwidths for the communications signals and avoided the pesky ground electrical currents that could plague cable communications. However, as Marconi himself wrote, it was quickly discovered that “…times of bad [wireless] fading practically always coincide with the appearance of large sun-spots and intense aurora-boreali usually accompanied by magnetic storms….” He further noted that these are “…the same periods when cables and land lines experience difficulties or are thrown out of action.” Historic occurrences of the effects of space weather on new technologies therefore remind us that continued efforts toward a better understanding of Earth's space environment are necessary to developing and implementing robust systems designs. Such work will be critical to the continued use of cell phone technology and for communications technologies of the future. Louis J. Lanzerotti is editor of Space Weather and a distinguished research professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, in Newark.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it