Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Canadian upstream oil and gas industry-like any other non-renewable resource industry-is ultimately a "sunset" industry. But not yet! Renewal Through R&D Our traditional mechanism for renewal (Figure 1) has been to explore for and to develop new reserves. Estimated undiscovered conventional liquid in the Western Canada Basin is one-eighth the unrecoverable volume remaining in discovered pools. Estimated undiscovered conventional liquids in the frontiers may be large but has prohibitive development costs which have kept existing discoveries from production. The undiscovered natural gas resources in both the Western Canada Basin and the frontiers face supply cost vs price hurdles at least through the balance of the decade. Our known heavy oil and oil sands bitumen in place are a worldclass hydrocarbon resource with prohibitive supply cost hurdles for the foreseeable future. This is a challenging, but not an impossible scenario. Canada has the hydrocarbon resources-discovered and potential-to sustain a domestic production industry well into the 21st Century. We also have the economic and scientific will to fulfill that potential. R&D is crucial for renewal for several reasons. First, it will enable us to control and reduce ever-increasing unit operating costs in our existing operations. Secondly, it will enable us to maintain our aging infrastructure-even in the face of ever more stringent environmental and safety requirements. R&D is also necessary to extend the life of our existing pools by facilitating the enhancement existing recovery processes. It is a critical tool, moreover, in renewing hydrocarbon reserves through the development of new recovery processes, and through the development of technologies to enable the development of the inherently high supply cost frontier and oil sands resources. Finally, R&D is necessary to add value to our commodity products in order to retain our existing markets in the face of international competition. Changing the R&D Paradigm Historically, with real growth in energy prices and with reserves additions exceeding production, upstream research and technology development has been fragmented and duplicated. It has been aimed at obtaining competitive advantage with the local industry, in an effort to capture the largest possible piece of a prize which has failed to materialize. The industry as a whole has spent a great deal of money on R&D - AOSTRA estimates that over a billion dollars has been spent on oil sands R&D alone. Thus, the level of R&D effort is not the problem so much as the way in which it has been conducted. Collaborative research and technology development must now be the major mechanism for renewal of our domestic upstream industry. Today, our principal competition is global-low supply cost crude from overseas. Our domestic industry is not competitive in the world marketplace, as is evident from our returns on investment through the 1980s.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,031 | 0,016 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,005 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,015 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,005 | 0,015 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,006 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,101 | 0,062 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».