Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The public is exposed to the risk of enteric infection via foodborne, waterborne, and airborne sources, or via direct contact by infected persons or animals. Food-borne transmission of enteric disease is the most well-known and extensively studied area. Among all foods, meat and poultry products are the largest contributor of foodborne disease outbreaks. Consumption of these products has been linked to enteric infection caused by several important human pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Campylobacter species, and viruses. Food animals carry some of these human pathogens with no clinical symptoms. For example, E. coli O157:H7 carried by young cattle, Salmonella and Campylobacter by poultry. Carriage of human pathogens in food animals has serious health implications because it means the farm is a significant reservoir of foodborne illness agents. The ecology of the most frequently occurring human pathogens in the farm environment is reviewed here. Other important vehicles of foodborne gastroenteritis include fruit and vegetables, seafood, and dairy products. Fruit and vegetables, as raw agricultural commodities, are vulnerable to microbial contamination during production, and minimal processing further magnifies the contamination level. The opportunity for fresh produce contamination at production is discussed. Seafood-associated enteric infection is usually the result of environmental contamination and eating raw or undercooked seafood. The frequency of environmental contamination of seafood is examined. Enteric infection due to dairy foods often implicated raw milk, improper pasteurization, and post pasteurization contamination as sources of the problem. Some of the dairy product-associated outbreaks are addressed. Waterborne transmission is a second common route for spreading enteric disease. However when it happens, it usually results in a large number of people being affected. Drinking and recreational waters are two main vehicles. Important waterborne disease agents such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shigella , and E. coli Ol57:H7 are reviewed. Airborne transmission of enteric infection is the least studied area. Airborne microbial contamination and the closely related occupational hazards are acknowledged. Some of the enteric disease agents can be spread through direct contact either by infected animals or humans themselves. Among agents spread by animal contact are verocytotoxigenic E. coli , predominantly E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella species including S. Typhimurium DT104, and Cryptosporidium . Enteric infection by personal contact has been documented for Norwalk virus, hepatitis A, Shigella species, E. coli O157:H7, and Cryptosporidium . The role of direct contact in disease transmission is addressed. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,008 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,032 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».